Research papers Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Papers - Research Paper Example The HRD helps in polishing up the performance of the employees by providing them expertise training, which contributes to the better performance of the organization. The main purpose of HRD is to enhance the organizational performance contributing in productivity of the company (Richard & Et. Al., 1996). HRD not only helps in enhancing the performance of the employee but also is important factor in the establishment of relationship among the existing HR policies (Richard & Et. Al., 1996). The mission of Mace Ford organization is to organize the people working together for the global automotive leadership, as one team involving customers, dealers, councils/unions, employees, investors, suppliers and community (Ford Motor Company, 2011). The HRD of the company follows many practices of human resource development processes such as 360 degree appraisal. The 360 degree appraisal helps to understand the employee needs more briefly because the approach tends to engage the employees directly. In 360 degree process, feedback is obtained providing the HRD a better way in operation. The HR practices adopted by Ford maximize the competencies, commitment and abilities of the organisation’s employees. HRD should provide the workers of the company with customer service training which focuses on customer satisfaction intended to increase the market share of the company. HRD mostly deals with people of an organization so as to improvise better performance from individual employees. Career development should be enlisted by HRD in the organization through the implication of functioning Internal Job Posting (IJP). These practices would result into customer service excellence, one of the main missions of the company. HRD should emphasize more on team effort, developing healthy and friendly work environment. HRD should provide training on recognizing the importance of customer needs and meeting them. Every

Changes in Britains Society during WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Changes in Britains Society during WWII - Essay Example Men were now called upon to not only take up arms but also to till the land, to provide rations to the fighting force, and to make weapons. Every man had to contribute to the war effort, be it by joining the armed forces or making weapons. The Second World War was and is the topic of much speculation, debate and inquiry and the humongous literature which this war produced is unparalleled in scope. This war affected the whole world at large, while its impact on the participating nations is felt even to this day. In Britain this war was called the People's War and it changed the lives of the men and women and children who lived through it, by altering the political idiom and changing the social landscape. Professor Sonya O. Rose, in her book titled "Which People's War National Identity and Citizenship in Wartime Britain, 1939-1945" gives an account of the general mood of the time and the consensual nature of the general population, who banded together, unmindful of class, gender, age, or political affiliations to defeat the common enemy-Nazi Germany. This war was total in its scope, in that no life was left untouched by the upheavals it caused. Professor Rose, in her work has also placed a great deal of emphasis on the ideal of nationalism which permeated the national consciousness. The Welsh and the Scots, with their strong regional identities joined the war effort but the constant reference to it as England's war, gave rise to the regional aspirations and she notes how the Scottish soldier's keenness to wear a kilt may be construed as an anti-English sentiment, while fighting on the British side. John Stevenson's book on British society (1914 - 45) highlights the salient factors that took place in the society of Britain during the Second World War. Stevenson explores the different periods in British history and presents us with a clear interpretation of many important events and incidents that took place during that time. Some of the topics that he deals with in his book are the ravages of war, women's suffrage and wartime experiences, class system and organized labor in relation to the parliament, the economy and welfare reforms that existed during that period, foreign policy, equal citizenship, gender roles and appeasement of the existing situations. Gender Roles - Women during the war Stevenson's book highlights many of the strongly held beliefs surrounding the war. It tells us of how the greatest source of female employment was domestic service. Despite the fact that most of the women were employed in munitions factories and even though there was a massive escalation in the production of armaments, yet rendering domestic services was a priority in female labor. The role of women underwent the greatest change during this period, and they were called upon to fill up the roles traditionally reserved for men. Carol Harris, in the article "Women under Fire in World War Two," details the duties which women were called upon to perform and the new roles they had to take upon themselves. During World War I, women took up jobs in the essential services so that men could go and fight the war but, in World War II Sir William Beveridge, in a secret report in 1940, clearly spelt out that women would have to be conscripted in the army, although they would not have to bear arms. Women were called u

Analyses Proposals The Coffeemate Brand Uk Marketing Essay

Analyses Proposals The Coffeemate Brand Uk Marketing Essay Firstly, this report will analyse the current position of the Coffee-Mate on the market place in the UK and secondly, will be given proposals for future strategic development of the Coffee-Mate brand in the UK. There should not be mass targeting in the cream powder market, however the segmentation of the market will help to identify potential buyers or buyers and will separate them into clusters within parallel buyers pattern. The important role plays the marketing mix such the right product, the right place, the right promotion at the right time. The Coffee-mate should preferably maintain and improve the market position, however it can be costly and not very often cost successful. The promotion which should be used for the Coffee-mate should be more determined on the product differentiation. It should show why the Coffee-Mate is different from the ordinary powder creamer and why the consumers should use the Coffee-Mate and nothing else. Also it should be considered a new distribution plan and the volume of products to offer. There should be a high concentration on the segments which are targeted and choice of the right product to this segment. The right marketing mix is a crucial for a suc cessful and profitable product. Contents Introduction In this report it will be firstly analysed the Coffee-Mate brand and current position on the market place in the UK based on the information from case of study the Coffee-Mate (Kotler at al, 2008). Secondly, it will be given proposals for future strategic development of the Coffee-mate brand in the UK. Firstly, there should be asked the key questions in strategic marketing management (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). Where are we now? Where do we want to be? How might we get there? Which way is the best? How can we ensure arrival? The Nestle Coffee-Mate brand background The Coffee-mate was first introduced in 1961 as first non-diary powdered creamer in US by Nestle. In 1989 was introduced Nestle Coffee mate liquid, which was number one of non- dairy product on the market. Nestle Coffee-Mate developed a different flavours of powdered cream to keep their customer interesting in and buying their products. Nestle changed the view of kitchen coffee to cafe coffee made in the kitchen (http://www.coffee-mate.com/Faq.aspx). Customers of Coffee-mate can enjoy the different flavours also seasonal flavours (Gingerbread and Eggnog) and special edition, furthermore Coffee-mate can be found in fat free, reduced fat and sugar free in powdered and liquid products. The brand is playing important role for the Coffee-Mate. The Coffee-Mate is part of the Nestle, well known brand which will add value to the product and will differentiate Coffee-Mate from its competitors. The Nestle is using corporate umbrella branding where the companys name is attached to the entire p roduct portfolio (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). For Heinz the umbrella is covering a wide range of products drinks (NESCAFÉ Gold Blend), breakfast cereals, and chocolate full Nestle portfolio (Appendix 1). There are advantages of corporate umbrella branding. Firstly, in Nestle case it can be reduced cost for a new campaign (promoting only the new product not the brand) and the brand name of Nestle is already well-known and established. McDonald at al (2008) believed that using corporate umbrella branding can be a disadvantage the brand name to not be as strongly identified with any one product also it can be argued that Nestle will lose the name as a coffee and chocolate brand. McDonald at al (2008) agreed that the brand dilution occurs when consumers no longer associate a brand with a specific product or highly similar products and start thinking less of the brand. Market and environmental analysis Where are we now? Wilson and Gilligan (2005) believed that the importance of organizations performance in the market place is influenced by three key factors: The organizations current market position The nature of environmental opportunities and threats The organizations ability to cope with environmental demands. The Nestle Coffee-Mate current position on the market is seen by managers of Nestle as less growth potential than for example Nestle food products. In the result, the budget for marketing campaigns was minimized, however the budget for ground coffee increased  £43 million campaign aimed at reminding people that instant coffee is 100% real coffee made from pure and natural coffee beans and nothing else (Nestle press releases,2009). The coffee creamer market has advantages and disadvantages. Coffee creamer products have a better whitener use than dried or powdered milk, however consumers sees coffee creamer as something for special occasions but not for their daily coffee. The market for coffee creamer is complicated with different types of consumers behaviour. Firstly, there are consumers who will not use powdered milk or cream at all. Secondly, there are users who will use powdered milk into their coffee but will not use cream (the taste is changed). Thirdly, users will use Coffee-Mate only in case of emergency (run out of milk or cream). Fourthly, there are users who are using coffee cream daily however consider creamer as a treat. The use of Coffee-Mate correlates with consumption of coffee in UK. The average consumption of coffee is about 3kg per head in the UK, which is about 1.5 cups per day which is low compare to Italy, France or Germany (5kg) and in the Scandinavian or Benelux region (11-13kg)(Kotler a t al, 2008). The national Food Survey suggests that there is correlation between weekly income and consumption of coffee (the higher income the higher consumption of coffee). The UK coffee market is up 19% from 2002 ( £720 million in 2007). Instant coffee contributes 81% of market share however it can be seen shift from instant coffee into premium non-instant coffee (Mintel, 2008). On the other hand, Mintel researchers found that one in five consumers agree that it is too much effort to make ground coffee at home (Mintel, 2008). The strengths and weaknesses (strategic and marketing analysis) The main strengths of the Coffee-mate are its capability to replace the real cream or milk and the length of the life time storage, however legally it cannot be defined as non-diary because it contains ingredients such vegetable fat and dried glucose which contains a real milk derivates. The weaknesses of the Coffee-mate are firstly its limitation in sales. Secondly, the Coffee-mate it is not weekly shopping item and preferably consumers are buying fresh cream or milk instead of the powdered. Consumers see using powdered cream or milk just in emergency situation and furthermore not all the coffees are made with milk or cream. Thirdly, the Coffee-mate is not independent product and can be consumed only with coffee. Customer analysis The customers of the Coffee-mate are consumers who are buying instant or ground coffee and using powdered milk or coffee creamer. The survey was done by TGI and divided consumers into five potential groups for Coffee-Mate. The key variables used by TGI to segment the market are: income, age, social grade, concerning about health and environment, shopping activity and budgeting, social places (pubs, restaurants), brand versus own label, travelling, media (TV, radio, newspapers)  , number of children at home, area where they live, level of consumption of Coffee-Mate and creamers and occupation. TGI user survey divided consumers into five clusters Appendix 2. Cluster 1: Sharon and Tracy Experimentalists (Sample proportion: 15.4 %) Cluster 2: Eileen and Mary Cost constrained, older, and conservative (Sample proportion: 23.6 %) Cluster 3: Sarah and Anna Affluent, Young foodies (Sample proportion: 24.4 %) Cluster 4: Dawn and Lisa Cost constrained, Young families (Sample proportion: 13.9 %) Cluster 5: Dorothy and Amy Affluent (Sample proportion: 22.7 %) Market share Cluster 1 Sharon and Tracy 15, 4 % Cluster 2 Eileen and Anna 23, 6% Cluster 3 Sarah and Lisa 24, 4% Cluster 4 Dawn 13, 9% Cluster 5 Dorothy and Amy 22, 7% Source: TGIs user survey Competitor analysis The main competitors of the Coffee-Mate on the market place are fresh milk and cream (Appendix 3). For the coffee creamer market the main competitors are Compliment, Kenco, Compleat, own label and others (Appendix). Coffee-Mate has about 55% market share on the coffee creamer market. To be successful and better than competitors Coffee-mate has to concentrate on advantage for example a capacity to replace the milk which the Coffee-Mate has. To be better than competition it has to be known how the competition markets their products. The four main questions have to be asked: What is each competitors current strategy? How are competitors performing? What are their strengths and weaknesses? What can we expect from each competitor in the future? (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). Strategic direction and strategic formulation Where do we want to be? Market segmentation, targeting and positioning It can be argued that the market for cream powder is segmented, however not mass targeted. The segmentation of market helps to identify group of buyers or potential buyers and divide them into groups within similar buyers pattern (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). It is advantage for marketer to segment the market because the marketer then decides which segments present the greatest opportunity which are its target markets (McDonald at al, 2008). Not everyone likes the milk or cream into their coffee. Therefore, the marketers will divide up the market into the segments by exploring behavioural, demographic and psychographic differences within buyers (McDonald at a, 2008). The Coffee-Mate developed strategic marketing to target the market segment. The particular segment cannot be contented with only one product. If the Coffee-Mate was targeting only one segment 41% of the 55% (McDonald at al, 2008) the current market share however it will lose 14.5% which is owned by Coffee-Mate Lite. The Coffee-Mate has to use multiple segments and obtain a greater market share of coffee cream market. How might we get there Strategic choice which way is the best? The American Marketing Association (AMA) in 1985 said Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. To achieve the needs of the target segments the right marketing mix must be developed. The product (Coffee-Mate) has to be accessible in the right place (distribution), at the right price and in the right time (McCarthy, 1960). Thomas (1987) also believed that the product or services offering of a company or organization ultimately determines the nature of the business and the marketplace perception of the business. In this sense it is the core of the marketing management function. The product Coffee-Mate will have to satisfy the target segment. In this case, it will be difficult to satisfy many segments for this reason the preference segments will be identified clustered preferences (natural market segments). TGI user Surveys identified five potential consumers for Coffee-Mate. Based on the Appendix 3 it can be seen and argued who are potentially the most profitable group and which should be targeted. It can be said that Dawn and Lisa (young families, 13.9% sample proportion) and Sharon and Tracy (experimentalist, 15.4% sample proportion) will become Eileen and Mary (older and conservative, 23.6% sample proportion) and Sarah and Hannah will lose attractiveness for this segment (Kotler, 2008). The Coffee-Mate marketing MIX Product Abbot (1995) highlighted about product What people really desire are not the products but satisfying experience, however Levitt (1976) argued that the products have to be seen as the benefits not the functions. The Coffee-Mate is the product with a strong position (55% market share) on the market place, however it can be argued that one of the important aspects is brand name. Nestle is a strong, well -known brand and instead of creating, developing and maintaining a new one the Coffee-Mate become part of it. Wilson and Gilligan (2005) also agree that it is only in this way that the organization is able to promise and continue to deliver to the consumer a superior value than that offered by competitors. The importance of the coffee-mate product is in which phase of the product cycle is. The Coffee-mate cream powder is probably in the mature stadium. There is not a rapid growth on the UK market also there is not a sign of the new entries on the market or decline in demand for the Coffe e-Mate. Price The price is one of the important factors of the marketing mix. If there is wrong pricing decision the competitors will win and Nestle will lose their customers. Managers have to know the pricing strategies of their competitors and how big are their financial resources to cope with their competition. The Coffee-Mate should concentrate on the maintenance and improvement of market position (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). Advantage of this objective is the improvements of the market share however it can be very costly and not often cost effective. Coffee-mate is already in leading position (55% market share) but there is danger that they will lose it. One the factors can be the lack of finance for campaign and promotion. Promotion Promotion is also important aspect of the marketing mix. It can be said that promotion is the visible face (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005) which symbolize the product and communicate with customers. In 2002 Nestle spent  £1m on the Coffee-Mate campaign to change customers opinion on the coffee whitener from coffee whitener to coffee enhancers with main slogan Coffee-mate does it for coffee so deliciously creamy tasting its almost improper (http://www.campaignlive.co.uk, 2002). In 2007 there was marketing campaign which promoted the Coffee-Mate Even when there is milk around (Appendix 5). It was previously discussed that young families, experimentalist, older and conservatives are the market which should be targeted. The tools which can be used to target the market can be: the TV, newspaper and a new medium Facebook and Twiter (Appendix 6). The new campaign should be more concentrated on the product differentiation. There are not other competitors who are producing powder cream or liqu id with different taste (Appendix 7) and sticks pad which can be used on the go. The Coffee-Mate should have distanced more from other in the market and create a major competitive advantage. To create competitive advantage there have to be understanding of particular segment, however the disadvantage of product differentiation can be limited opportunities for the sector growth and creating differences that customers do not value (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005). Furthermore, they have to convince the customer that the Coffee-mate is better than competitors products. Place The distribution plan is final and also important part of marketing mix. The right choice of distributors and volume distributed can make huge impact on the volume of products sold. To achieve the competitive advantage the right distribution channel has to be recognized. The Coffee-mate is sold by retailers (Morrison, Tesco, Sainsbury,), Internet and through other channels however there should be considered other options workplace, universities and hospitals. There is a huge opportunity to be a successful. Full-time working women agreed first thing in the morning I tend to have coffee with semi-skimmed milk, but towards 11 oclock I want something which is more relaxing, more substantial, so I have coffee with Coffee-Mate. It seems to be comforting. (Kotler at al, 2008). The distribution of the Coffee-Mate into the coffee machine which are in the workplace, universities or hospital will bring benefits, improve a market share and bring a new customers. To select a right channel of dis tribution the plan has to be considered (Wilson, 1983). Marketing MIX in use The different option (Coffee- Mate Lite, Gingerbread, Pumpkin) will influence the marketing mix of the Coffee-Mate. There have to be concentration on the segment which is targeted and the product which is offering to this segment. The product has to convince the segment market which is for example colour of packaging, the size and quality. It will be impossible to convince a lot of segment markets with only one product like the Coffee-Mate. The price will be influenced by the cost production, consumer demand and advertisement cost. The launch of the new favour such Lite, Mocha or Latte there have to be research that there will be high consumers demand for this products. Conclusion In this report the current marketing positions of the Coffee-Mate brand was analyzed and after were given proposals for future strategic development of the Coffee-mate brand in the UK. The Coffee-Mate is currently in the leading position, however the managers do not see the potential growth in the future. Despite this believe, the Coffee-Mate has a benefit of the length storage compare to fresh milk or cream, however powder cream is still seen as the treat by users and as the emergency by non-users. The market was divided by TGI into five clusters and the most profitable group was chosen and will be targeted. The best way how to achieve the success such as market growth and profitability can be done by better segmentation of the market and better clustered preferences. The Coffee-Mate is not just cream powder and the campaign has to say it to the potential costumers. The Coffee-Mate should create the competitive advantage from the differentiation. The Coffee-Mate has to persuade the consumers that they are better than their competitors. The crucial is the concentration on the segments which are targeted and chose the right product for this segment.

lord of flys ( i got a b+) 11th grade :: essays research papers

SYMBOLISM   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What?s it like to be stranded on a desert island in the prime of you youth, with no adult figure? William Golding show what may happen in just this circumstance. In this very complicated novel Golding brings out many ideas and shows what lack of the adult figure leads to. Above all others though comes symbolism of three main important objects being the conch, fire, and ?Piggy?s? eyeglasses. Through each of these three symbols Golding shows how the boys adapt and change throughout the novel. All three of these symbols together are one of the most important elements of the story.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first symbol, which is used all throughout the book, is the symbol of the Conch. The conch was a large shell which piggy had first unearthed on the island. The conch shows powers all throughout the book and always commands respect form the boys due to its importance. The importance and power would best be compared to that of a congregation when a Rabbi removes the torah from the ark, which holds it. The first quote which best shows the importance of the conch is when it is used by Ralph and Piggy to get all the boys together when they find themselves alone on the island. ?The Conch, we can use this to call the others. Have a meeting they?ll come when they hear us- (16).? Then again at the second meeting we see how the boys are drawn to the Conch and how it is like a magnet to the boys, which draws them to who ever uses it. ?By the time Ralph had finished blowing the conch the platform was crowded (32).? The conch also shows the first idea of civilization and rules. One example is when there is disorder because everyone I talking at once. ?Conch, that?s what the shell is called. I?ll give the conch to the next person who speaks. He can hold when he is speaking (33).? Finally the conch is used for is to show how Piggy does so much to help them and does not get credit for it. It was used that way when Piggy was the first one to see the Conch and Piggy was the one who knew what it was and instructed Ralph on how to use it. But when all the boys came from the Conch?s noise Ralph got credit for it.

Importance of Colloidal Dispersion in Pharmacy

Importance of colloidal dispersion in pharmacy Pharmaceutical Applications of colloids: Colloids are extensively used for modifying the properties of pharmaceutical agents. The most common property that is affected is the solubility of a drug . However, colloidal forms of many drugs exhibits substantially different properties when compared with traditional forms of these drugs. Certain medicinals have been found to possess unusual or increased therapeutic properties when formulated in the colloidal state.Another important pharmaceutical application of colloid is their use as drug delivery system. The most often used colloid type drug delivery systems include hydrogels, microspheres, microemulsions, liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles and nanocrystals. Here we mention the main characteristics of each colloidal delivery system. Hydrogels: Hydrogel is a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium. It (also called aquagel) is a network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, som etimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium.Hydrogels are highly absorbent (they can contain over 99% water) natural or synthetic polymers. Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue, due to their significant water content. These hydrogels have the ability to sense changes of pH, temperature, or the concentration of metabolite and release their load as result of such a change Natural and synthetic hydrogels are used for wound healing, as scaffolds in tissue engineering, and as sustained- release delivery systems.When used as scaffolds for tissue engineering, hydrogels may contain human cells to stimulate tissue repair, since they are loaded with pharmaceutical ingredients, hydrogels provide a sustained drug release. Light-sensitive, pressure- responsive, and electro-sensitive hydrogels also have the potential to be used in drug delivery. Environmentally sensitive hydrogels include slow response time, limited biocompatibi lity, and biodegradability. Hydrogel used as sustained-release drug delivery systems. it provide absorption, desloughing and debriding capacities of necrotics and fibrotic tissue. ydrogels that are responsive to specific molecules, such as glucose or antigens can be used as biosensors, as well as in DDS. Also used in disposable diapers where they â€Å"capture† urine, or in sanitary napkins, contact lenses (silicone hydrogels, polyacrylamides). Medical electrodes using hydrogels composed of cross-linked polymers (polyethylene oxide, polyAMPS and polyvinylpyrrolidone). hydrogel used as water gel explosives, rectal drug delivery and diagnosis. Other, less common uses include, breast implants, granules for holding soil moisture in arid areas, dressings for healing of burn or other hard-to-heal wounds.Wound gels are excellent for helping to create or maintain a moist environment, reservoirs in topical drug delivery; particularly ionic drugs, delivered by iontophoresis (see ion ex change resin), Common ingredients are e. g. polyvinyl alcohol, sodium polyacrylate, acrylate polymers and copolymers with an abundance of hydrophilic groups. Natural hydrogel materials are being investigated for tissue engineering; these materials include agarose, methylcellulose, hyaluronan, and other naturally derived polymers. However if the achievements of the past can be extrapolated into the future, it is likely that responsive hydrogels with a wide array of desirable properties will be forthcoming. Microparticles: Microparticles are small loaded microspheres of natural or synthetic polymers. Microparticles was initially developed as carriers for vaccines and anti-cancer drugs. More recently, novel properties of Microparticles have been developed to increase the efficiency of drug delivery and improve release profiles and drug targeting.Several investigations have focused on the development of methods of reducing the uptake of the nanoparticles by the cells of the reticuloendo thelial system and enhance their uptake by the targeted cells. Functional surface coatings of non-biodegradable carboxylated polystyrene or biodegradable poly (D,L- lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres with poly(L-lysine)-g-poly (ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) were investigated in attempts to shield them from nonspecific phagocytosis and to allow ligand- specific interactions via molecular recognisition.It was found that coatings of PLL-g-PEG- ligand conjugates provided for the specific targeting of microspheres to human blood- derived macrophages and dendritic cells while reducing non- specific phagocytosis. Microparticles can also be used to facilitate nontraditional routes of drug administration. It was found that Microparticles can be used to improve immunization using the mucosal route of administration of therapeutics. It was found in this study that mucosal route of administration of therapeutics can translocate to tissues in the systemic compartment of the immune system and prov oke immunological reactions. Micro & Nano-Emulsions:Microemulsions are excellent candidates as potential drug delivery systems because of their improved drug solubilization, long shelf life, and ease of preparation and administration. Three distinct Microemulsions- oil external, water external, and middle phase- can be used for drug delivery, depending upon the type of the dug and the site of action. In contrast to Microparticles, which demonstrate distinct differences between the outer shell and core, microemulsions are usually formed with more or less homogeneous particles. Microemulsions are use for controlled release and targeted delivery of different pharmaceutics agents.For instance, microemulsions were used to deliver oligonucleotides (small fragments of DNA) specifically to ovarian cancer cells. In contrast to microemulsions, Nanoemulsions consist in very fine oil-in-water dispersions, having droplets diameter smaller than 100 nm. Compared to microemulsions, they are in a me ta stable state, and their structure depends on the history of the system. Nanoemulsions are very fragile systems. The nanoemulsions can find applications in skin care due to their good sensorial properties (rapid penetration, merging textures) and their biophysical properties (especially their hydrating power).Liposomes: Liposomes consist of an outer uni – or multilamellar membrane and an inner liquid core. In most cases liposomes are formed with natural or synthetic phospholipids similar to those in cellular plasma membrane, because of this similarity, liposomes are easily utilized by cells. Liposomes can be loaded by pharmaceutical or other ingredients by two principal ways: Lipophilic substances can be associated with liposomal membrane, and hydrophilic substances can be dissolved in the inner liquid core of liposomes.To decrease uptake by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system and/or enhance their uptake by the targeted cells, the membrane of liposomes can be modifi ed by polymeric chains and/or targeting moieties or antibodies specific to the targeted cells, because they are relatively easy to prepare, biodegradable, and non- toxic, liposomes have found numerous applications as drug delivery systems. Liposomes are of colloidal dimensions and are preferentially taken up by the liver and spleen. Hence, principle of colloids is also used in targeted drug delivery system. Liposomes are used for drug delivery due to their unique properties.A liposome encapsulates a region on aqueous solution inside a hydrophobic membrane; dissolved hydrophilic solutes cannot readily pass through the lipids. Hydrophobic chemicals can be dissolved into the membrane, and in this way liposome can carry both hydrophobic molecules and hydrophilic molecules. To deliver the molecules to sites of action, the lipid bilayer can fuse with other bilayers such as the cell membrane, thus delivering the liposome contents. By making liposomes in a solution of DNA or drugs (which wo uld normally be unable to diffuse through the membrane) they can be (indiscriminately) delivered past the lipid bilayer.There are three types of liposomes – MLV (multilamellar vesicles) SUV (Small Unilamellar Vesicles) and LUV (Large Unilamellar Vesicles). These are used to deliver different types of drugs. Liposomes are used as models for artificial cells. Liposomes can also be designed to deliver drugs in other ways. Liposomes that contain low (or high) pH can be constructed such that dissolved aqueous drugs will be charged in solution (i. e. , the pH is outside the drug's pI range). As the pH naturally neutralizes within the liposome (protons can pass through some membranes), the drug will also be neutralized, allowing it to freely pass through a membrane.These liposomes work to deliver drug by diffusion rather than by direct cell fusion. Another strategy for liposome drug delivery is to target endocytosis events. Liposomes can be made in a particular size range that makes them viable targets for natural macrophage phagocytosis. These liposomes may be digested while in the macrophage's phagosome, thus releasing its drug. Liposomes can also be decorated with opsonins and ligands to activate endocytosis in other cell types. The use of liposomes for transformation or transfection of DNA into a host cell is known as lipofection.In addition to gene and drug delivery applications, liposomes can be used as carriers for the delivery of dyes to textiles, pesticides to plants, enzymes and nutritional supplements to foods, and cosmetics to the skin. Another interesting property of liposomes is their natural ability to target cancer. The endothelial wall of all healthy human blood vessels is encapsulated by endothelial cells that are bound together by tight junctions. These tight junctions stop any large particles in the blood from leaking out of the vessel.Tumour vessels do not contain the same level of seal between cells and are diagnostically leaky. This abil ity is known as the Enhanced Permeability and Retention effect. Liposomes of certain sizes, typically less than 200 nm, can rapidly enter tumour sites from the blood, but are kept in the bloodstream by the endothelial wall in healthy tissue vasculature. Anti-cancer drugs such as Doxorubicin (Doxil), Camptothecin and Daunorubicin (Daunoxome) are currently being marketed in liposome delivery systems. Micelles: Micelles are similar to liposomes but they do not have an inner liquid compartment.Therefore they can be used as water- soluble biocompatible micro containers for the delivery of poorly soluble hydrophobic pharmaceuticals. Similar to liposomes their surface can be modified with antibodies (immunomicelles) or other targeting moieties providing the ability of micelles to specifically interact with their antigens. One type of micelles pluronic block copolymers, are recognized as pharmaceutical excipients listed in the U. S and British Pharmacopoeia. They have been extensively used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations including delivery of low molecular mass drugs, polypeptides, and DNA.Furthermore, Pluronic block copolymers are versatile molecules that can be used as structural elements of polycation- based gene delivery system. Nanoparticles: Nanocapsules are sub-microscopic colloidal carrier systems composed of an oily or an aqueous core surrounded by a thin polymer membrane. Nanoparticles are the colloidal particulate systems with size ranging between 1-1000 nm. Based on the arrangement of drug and polymer matrix, nanoparticles can be classified into two types: nanospheres and nanocapsules . In nanospheres, rugs are either adsorbed or entrapped inside the polymeric matrix. In nanocapsules, drugs are confined to the inner liquid core while the external surface of nanoparticles is covered by the polymeric membrane. polymeric nanoparticles have gained considerable attention as potential drug delivery systems due to its targetability to particular organ /tissue and ability to deliver protein and peptide via oral route. Nanoparticles for drug delivery are generally made up of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers obtained from either natural or synthetic source.Natural polymers include chitosan, albumin, rosin, sodium alginate and gelatin while, synthetic polymers include poly (lactic acid) PLA, poly (D, L-glycolide), poly (lactide-co-glycolide), poly (caprolactones) (PCL) and poly (cyanoacrylates). The kinetics of drug release from nanoparticles depends on the strength of hydrophobic interactions between the polymer and drug and polymer degradation rate. The uptake and distribution of nanoparticles depend on its size. Nanoparticles of size ~10 nm are utilized for extended circulation, while ~100 and ~200 nm particles are utilized for passive targeting and intracellular drug delivery respectively.Though nanoparticles have many advantages over other conventional drug delivery systems certain properties like surface hydrophobicity and surface charge needs to be altered so as to increase the uptake of nanoparticles into cells. This can be done by judiciously manipulating the use of polymers. Coating the nanoparticles with chitosan which is positively charged significantly enhances the uptake and modulates the drug efflux of anticancer agents. Moreover, attachment of poly (ethylene glycol) moieties to the surface of nanoparticles increases the hydrophilicity and hence decreases the uptake by macrophages.Recent studies by Yoncheva et al. concluded that amino-pegylated poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) nanoparticles were able to cross the cell membrane of the absorptive enterocytes in a better way. Nanoparticles are characterized by a variety of techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), electron microscopy (TEM or SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), matrix-assisted laser de sorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), and magnetic resonance (NMR).Two technologies can be used to develop such Nanocapsules: the interfacial polymerization of a monomer or the interfacial nano deposition of a performed polymer. Solid lipid nanoparticles are developed at the beginning of the 1990’s as an alternative carrier system to emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles. They are used in particular in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. A novel nano-particle based drug carrier for photodynamic therapy has been developed.This carrier can provide stable aqueous dispersion of hydrophobic photo-sensitizers; yet preserve the key step of photo generation of singlet oxygen, necessary for photodynamic action. Nanoparticles have also found applications as nonviral gene delivery systems. Advantages of nanoparticles a) Longer shelf-stability b) High carrier capacity c) Ability to incorporate hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules d) Can be administered via different routes e) Longer clearance time f) Ability to sustain the release of drug ) Can be utilized for imaging studies h) Increase the bioavailability of drugs i) Targeted delivery of drugs at cellular and nuclear level j) Development of new medicines which are safer k) Prevent the multi-drug resistance mediated efflux of chemotherapeutic agents l) Product life extension Nanocrystals: Inorganic crystals that interface with biologic systems have recently attracted widespread interest in biology and medicine. To explore the feasibility of in vivo targeting by using semiconductor quantum dots (qdots), which are small (

Drugs and Their Effect on Society Essay

Drugs have been a long standing issue in this country from sniff and cocaine as one of the main ingredients in Coca-Cola and opium dens in much of the west coast till in recent years of prescription drugs being sold illegally. It wasn’t till the early 1900’s has drugs been addressed as habit forming and legislation being implemented to curtail addition and violence that can go hand-and-hand with the drug trade culture. The history of drugs in this country can go as far back as the Native Americans sharing the peace pipe with the Pilgrims. Drugs have taken many different forms within American society from what may have originally been used in the form of something as innocent as a soft drink (the original ingredients in Cocoa-Cola) and in forms of ailing some sort of deficiency that originally was prescribed by doctors can eventually be abused. In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s Chinese’s immigrants brought over opium and created opium dens in much part of the west coast where the drug itself left the user in a euphoric and mind and mood altering state. In the late 1960’s and early 1970’s with the hippie cultural, much part of the society was introduced to drugs like psychedelics which would be considered LSD and other drugs with heavy usage like mushrooms, marijuana and hashish and in other forms of society like the inner cities heroin pelage the communities with how highly addictive and deadly the drug came to be with heavy use. In the late 1970’s and early 1980’s cocaine became the prominent drug in club the atmospheres of disco techs and later became in the form of crack cocaine that pelage major cities around the U. S. with addiction and violence over the drug trade. In the early 1990’s till recent years many perception drugs and meth have been highly addictive and have been a part of the illegal drug trade. The DEA was established in 1973 that was assisted by President Richard Nixon in its creation as a form of a task force with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States of all the drugs deemed illegally additive or dangerous. â€Å"Controlled substances are generally grouped according to both pharmacological and legal criteria into the following seven categories: stimulants, depressants, cannabis, narcotics, hallucinogens, anabolic steroids and inhalants. (Schmalleger, 2012, p. 341) By federal law these categories are deemed illegal from use or distribution; stimulants: cocaine and amphetamines; cannabis: cannabis plants, hashish, hashish oil and marijuana; narcotics: codeine, Dilaudid, heroin, methadone, morphine and opium; hallucinogens: belladonna, LSD, Ectstasy (MDMA), mescaline, MDA and PCP; anabolic steroids: nandrolene, oxandrolene, oxmetholone and stanozolol; inhalants: acetate, amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, Freon, nitrous oxide and toluene. Trafficking is a form of distribution of illegal drugs through the means of either smuggling which is the illegal shipment of controlled substances across state and national boundaries in many different methods like shipment overland, direct shipments to U. S. ports concealed in containers or packed with legitimate products, flights onto United States commercial airplanes or private aircrafts and airdrops to vessels waiting offshore to smuggle drugs into the U. S. boarders. The DEA follows different routes used by traffickers and one of the methods to track the occurrences is the Heroin Signature Program (HSP) is a Drug Enforcement Administration program that employs special chemical analyses to identify and measure chemical constituents of sample of seized heroin. Border patrols have protected the boarders to ensure that traffickers are disparaged from attempting to smuggle in their products. The supply and demand has kept smugglers in business because as long as there is a need for their product by the users and suppliers; distributors of the drugs will find new and advanced methods of smuggling in drugs. Government agencies have enacted different policies to somehow impact drug abuse like the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 which required manufactures to list their ingredients and specifically targeted mood-altering chemicals. The Harrison Act was passed in 1914 which was the first federal anti-drug legislation that required anyone dealing in cocaine, heroin and morphine and other drugs to register with the federal government and pay a tax of $1 per year with the authorized the registration of only those in the medical profession and outlawing the street use and street distribution of these drugs. In 1956 the Narcotic Control Act increased penalties for drug traffickers and made the sale of heroin to anyone under the age of 18 a capital offense. In 1970 the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act established five schedules that classified psycho-activity and potential for abuse. In 1988 the Anti-Drug Abuse Act proclaimed the goal for a â€Å"drug-free America by 1995 by increased penalties for drug users and made weapon purchases by drug dealers much more difficult. The goal of drug control acts are to battle illegal drugs from use and distribution by anti-drug legislation and strict enforcement, interdiction, crop control, asset forfeiture and antidrug education and drug treatment. Conclusion Early legislation against drug abuse focused on eradicating the wide spread problem of drugs in numerous of ways like requiring companies to list their ingredients on their products if it may alter the users mood or brain chemistry, taxation on drug companies, making harsher drugs illegal for sale or distribution and harsher sentencing for those whom distribute illegal drugs. Since numerous types of legislation; the focus has been much in fact on punishment and less on rehabilitation which has caused a financial strain on society and has given a stigma upon those involved in the drug trade or an abuser of these substances.

Complete Logistics Term Paper Guide

Complete Logistics Term Paper Guide A term paper in logistics is a major research work needed to be done at the end of every term. It is supposed to show the student’s knowledge of the subject gained during a semester, as well as his or her abilities to search for the relevant information, analyze it, and create a unique piece of writing. To be good at write logistics term paper writing, you should consider the essence of logistics and its functional areas. Logistics is the field that is occupied with planning, managing, controlling, and regulating the movement of material and information flows in space and time from their primary source to the end user. In turn, the essence of a logistics term paper is to do extensive research under the guidance of an instructor. The vital step of the best logistics term paper writing is to pick an accurate and significant topic that will bring novelty into the research of the subject. 5 Fields of Logistics to Choose a Topic for Your Term Paper There is a vast variety of topics that could suit your research. Selection of the topic is a complicated process that could slow down your performance. The best way to avoid long thinking is to choose a particular topic that you are interested in. It will not only satisfy your thirst for knowledge, but it will also make the writing process more comfortable and much faster. In this manner, your topic can relate to any aspect of logistics, including the following: Logistics Management; Modes of Transportation in Logistics; Logistics Industry Analysis; Logistics in an E-World; Chain Supply Strategies Those are the broad topics that should be narrowed and focused on one particular subject. This way, in your logistics term paper, you can concentrate the attention on one specific enterprise and analyze its implementation of logistics functions. For instance, your topic can sound like: â€Å"An Analysis of the Application of Logistics Operations in FedEx Enterprise†. As you see creating the title of the logistics term paper is vital for your academic success. Your instructor needs to read your term paper as he/she evaluates it based on many assessment criteria. However, there are those who will conduct research on the same topic or field of study. How can this researcher understand that your paper can be useful for him or her? You can help only by inventing an informative title for your paper. Besides, it should be short, relevant to your topic, and, what is more important, eye-catching. For instance, the title of your logistics term paper can sound like â€Å"Logistics in Top Enterprises: [Company] and Its All Logistics Operations Used Ever† In this manner, your paper grabs the attention of the reader who is interested in the sphere of logistics and a particular company. 3 Simple Pre-Writing Steps to Simplify the Writing Process After you choose the topic that appeals to your preferences, there are some more critical issues that should be considered before the term paper writing process. Browse the Internet or printed texts to be sure that there are enough credible sources of information that will support your paper. If your topic is under-researched, your term paper will lack some pieces of evidence. Be ready to fill in some information gaps on your own. So where to search for the necessary information for term paper writing? The most efficient way to search for information relevant for logistics from internal and external sources. You can try out some resources for logistics right now. Consider the length of the logistics term paper that may vary from 10 pages to 15 pages. Guessing how much it is in words? So taking into consideration an online word counter, it may vary from 5000 to 7500 words. Since the topic can be too broad for a particular limit of words, or too narrow to include all the necessary information. Furthermore, if your term paper is supposed to be around 10 pages, you may face the lack of information to write on. Thus, you should go back to the first step and reconsider the available literature that covers your selected topic. As you see besides the ability to write, you need to collect enough scholar materials to make your research evident. Follow a strict structure of academic papers to which your logistics term paper is included as well. Writing for academic purposes implies a requirement to well-structuring. The most significant components of an academic piece of writing are the introduction, three or more body paragraphs (literature review, methodology, results, discussion), and conclusion. Besides, since a term paper implies a considerable amount of the text, it will be appropriate to add an abstract part. The Basic Structure for Your Term Paper on Logistics: Top Ticks from Our Writers Sometimes it may be hard to focus on a particular topic without getting sidetracked. That is why it may be useful to create a simple outline for yourself to see the sequence of the ideas that you want to cover in your research paper. With a simple outline in front of your eyes, the writing process will be much more comfortable and efficient. It will also help you to make your logistics term paper more comprehensive as well as its research ideas more linked. 1. Abstract: Write or Not to Write and What to Write? It is a short paragraph on a separate page at the beginning of your term paper. It is supposed to inform the readers about the main research idea of the whole paper before they start read it. Thus, it should be precise and concise, including the most significant issues discussed in your text and keywords. In some cases, the absence of the abstract part may be not critical. Examine the paper instructors carefully. 2. Introduction Is Must-Have for Your Term Paper It is a part your term paper should start with. However, you can work on it after you finish writing the main parts. It’s up to you. Just remember what you need to include. The first sentence of the introduction is a topic sentence. The topic sentence is supposed to grab the attention of your reader. It is a so-called â€Å"hook† that will force everyone to read further to satisfy the research interest. Thus, the topic sentence of the logistics term paper can include the following: â€Å"Recently, the logistics management sphere underwent so significant changes that made logisticians more demanding in the business industry.† After reading this sentence, want to know what kind of changes happened and why it influenced the demand? Right, you face the same purpose to get the reader interested. When the topic sentence is done to fulfill this purpose, it is essential to give some background information that relates to the topic. For instance, the middle part of the introduction for the logistics term paper can include something like that: â€Å"Although logistics has deep historical roots, it is a relatively a young science. The most rapid development of logistics was achieved during the Second World War when it was used to solve the tricky tasks and an explicit interaction of the defense industry, standard, and supply bases, and transport with the aim of timely supplying the army with weapons, fuel, and food. Nowadays, one of the leading logistics enterprises in the United States is the FedEx Corporation.† The thesis statement is the concluding sentence of your introduction designed to guide a reader. Usually, the thesis statement is a one sentence (sometimes more than one since it depends on the depth of the research) where you should include all the main ideas of your following logistics term paper. As well as the abstract, it should be precise and concise since you should show all the necessary information in this part so that a reader will get the awareness of the whole term paper. 3. Body Paragraphs Make Your Term Paper The set of body paragraphs is the core part of your logistics term paper. Each body paragraph should be revolved around the particular idea, or they can have a common point under a heading. The headings are quite useful since they help to organize the paper, and make the text more readable. So if you evaluate the topic based on the other findings, you write a literature review. If you deal with the research findings you make, interpret them in the finding section and so on. Writing a logistics term paper, it is essential to make your body paragraphs approximately the same size. To make your writing more credible, it is important to use citations. When a reader observes your ideas supported by the reliable researchers, it is easier to make him/her convinced of your point of view. The in-text citations are divided into direct citations and paraphrase or summary of one’s ideas that must also be cited in order to avoid plagiarism. A direct quote implies the insertion of the copied part from the source into your term paper. Usually, it is only a phrase or a sentence, but it could also be even a paragraph (in case your piece of writing is long enough) that is called a bloc citation. The other way to make your logistics term paper evident is to summarize the idea of the selected source and to paraphrase it into your own words. Such kind of citation also demands an in-text citation format. Considering the formats of in-text citations, there are two widely-used styles of formatting: APA (American Psychological Association) and MLA (Modern Language Association.) These two styles demand the different formats of citation. In APA, your in-text quote should look like this: â€Å"taken material† (author’s last name, year of publishing). The page number can also be present if it is required. In MLA, the citation looks slightly different: â€Å"taken material† (author’s last name page number). There are many more peculiarities of referencing that you can get acquainted with on the Purdue OWL website. 4. Conclusion Ends Your Term Paper Logically This section of your logistics term paper must be a logical statement of your research results that you come to as a researcher. Restate the thesis statement, then mention all the significant findings of your research. Similarly to the introduction, the conclusion doesn’t include citations as it is a brief summary of your work. That’s why there is no new information in this concluding part. Besides, at the end of your conclusion, you may bring attention to the importance of the further research of the topic or suggest a new one that will be related to the previous one. 2 Post-Writing Tips to Make Your Term Paper Submission-Ready It is true that you can take a sigh of relief after you finish writing a logistics term paper. However, it is still considered by your instructor not ready for submission, at least for successful submission. It may have some mistakes in formatting, grammar or spelling. No A+ is guaranteed to you. Just take 3 effective post-writing steps to have an A/A+ term paper. 1. Proofread Your Term Paper Thoroughly Remember that your research paper on Logistics is almost ready, but it still needs to be proofread and edited. Don’t consider the terms, proofreading and editing, interchangeable. Let’s focus on the first stage of the revision process proofreading. There may be some mistakes in grammar or misspelled words. Double check the paper to make sure that there is no mistake. If you have enough time, then it will be better to proofread your logistics term paper later, at least in one day after the long writing process. In this manner, your mind will refresh, and the eyes will be eligible to mention all possible mistakes. However, if there is no time and the deadline is around the corner, then you can use a website like Grammarly oir any other, give the paper to a keen-eyed expert, or try to proofread it by yourself word by word. 2. Edit Like an Expert in Editing Whereas the proofreading process is focused on correcting some common mistakes for writing, the editing process is aimed at several aspects: Content, Structure, Style. Reread your paper once again to make sure that it is well-organized and relevant to your writing academic purpose to research a topic on logistics so that it will broaden the knowledge in the field. Remember that all the paper sections/paragraphs are arranged in a logical sequence. Keep an eye out for the correct formatting style (APA, MLA, Harvard, etc.) All the sources that are used in your paper must be cited and referred appropriately. Besides, all of them must be included in the separate reference page. In MLA formatting style, it should be under the centered heading â€Å",† while in APA it is called â€Å"References.† The sources in the reference list should always be in alphabetical order. Each kind of source has a different way of referencing, whether it is a book, article, newspaper, or journal, and so on. However, the referencing standards are flexible and change after a particular period of time. Make a correct and appropriate reference list according to the credible examples.