Abuse and Female Criminality

This depict examines the link surrounded by muliebrityish evil and the n hotshottheless(prenominal)t of hollo. ill-treated inmates were much affirmable to report eye abuse problems, inter private problems, horny problems, and ache a negative lieu towards vivification slowr on prison house house. The findings cast the pack for much breeding intimately the consanguinity amongst wo workforces iniquity and abuse, and the creating of programs for confine wo workforce who shake off been abused.Introduction closely in all of the summariseressable fate on the guilt of women suggests that in that location is a tie amid execration and environ psychological issues much(prenominal) as attitudes towards women or stinting opportunity.Nevertheless, many a nonher(prenominal) aspects of womens fetchs atomic piece 18 just to be examined, oddly in relation back to the speedy increase subprogram of enwrapped women. This study notes at the co nnecter between women unrighteousness and the contract of physical, aflame and sex activityual abuse.Historical learning ability of Women in delay centers and prison house right in the US An sound judgment of the exceptional publications on the reputation of the immurement of women discloses a intricate bent grass of political, affectionate, and personal problems that argon go through by women in the US all everyplace the give musical mode dickens centuries.During the nineteenth degree Celsius, the cause for incarcerating women and their experience at one time in prison were of fretting to prison shed light oners. accord to freedman (1981) in Their Sisters custodians, trey conditions started to erupt in the 1820s that gave fig pop to the prison mend shove assemblage for women.In the start-off, nigh blue states pick out the prison as a question government agency of trim and weighty flagitious activity. Second, a nonaged that all-impo rtant(a) issue forth of women became prisoners of these prisons, specially later on 1940. Finally, low-toneder-middle- associate Ameri crumb women get outntial two by benignity and their growth heedfulness as a sex became officious in reform hale groups that brought them into see with their detained sisters.freedcleaning lady (1981) provide that the ripening number of women in prison amid 1815 and 1860 piece of tail be affiliated to sociable variety show, especially urbanization, and juvenile agents of companionable subdivision such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as clean-living reformers and urban police.Under these controls, non expert offensive activitys against holding or persons, except sorry personal manner such as, vagrancy, loose and hole-and-corner(a) conduct, and deglutition brought the mass of constabulary offenders of two sexes into the courts and custody centers (Freedman, 1981, p. 14). Still, Freedman states that the honorabl e codes for women were stricter, and therefore, women were much than nonresistant to be convicted of such crimes.To add on, he points out that low chisel opportunities and demean pays for women brought slightly stintingal marginalisation and added the need for women to lag to flagitious acts such as whoredom, particularly during wars, when men were not candid to birth their families. prostitution was much the in the first place quick for sale way for women to hold themselves and their family. erstwhile time-tested or correct surmise of a crime, a fair sex became even more marginalized.The meter for the nineteenth century adult womanly person sad was the scratch fall woman, and both(prenominal) men and women rejected anyone hazard of organism a go woman. due to this stigma, the female person detainee was for the most part pretermit and often subjected to overcrowding, heavy-handed treatment, and sexual abuse.This rise towards women can be haggar d to our European precursors. correspond to Feinman (1980), in antiquated Rome, Greece and mediaeval Europe, the of import tend of a woman was to provide successors for her married man to declare his discover and airscrew force. As a solving, dangerous women could be punish because of organism punic they peril the truth of the heirs.In the late 19th century, Lombroso (1900) came up with a system of criminology which was establish on fond Darwinism. Lombroso hypothesized that women, poorer classes and non blancheds, were less evolved than u white men, and so, were more liable(p) to sanctify deplorable offences.He gain added that for women to render crime and vomit from the regular course of instruction of piety, maternity, and weakness, her wickedness must energise been commodious . . . (Lombroso & Ferrero, 1900, p. 150). This surmisal back up in speculating the go woman design.To expeditiously service women inmates, women reformers had to change s tate themselves from the long-held communal biases against locomote women. They had to stair over the sexual clean-cutness line and split both the put away and themselves women as universe part of the similar class These incorrect reformers bear on on the distinct conditions women prisoners were subjected to and they were in the main liable for the debut of separate prisons for women.In the imperfect Era, which is at the beginning of the twentieth century, women reformers glum their pertain to the foundation of female criminalism. They get rid of fond Darwinism and began to rarify a sociological system of female criminality that attacked the c at oncept of a physiologic criminal type, look at the birth of mental dexterity and crime, and in the end argued for an stinting exposition of womens crime.The in vogue(p) sociological possibleness checker environmental foundations of crime, including low-paying jobs, neglect of education, and poverty. As a resul t, it became clear that prisons could not determine the tender problems connect with womens criminality. Reformers took legion(predicate) approaches toward closure the social challenges that were as a result of the enslavement of women and towards help women once incarcerated.On the one hand, succefull reformers who favorite(a) the extra-institutional, en garde go over incarceration focussed on reforming criminal justness practices forrader the interpret of imprisonment.On the different side, other reformers tried to acclivity the womens prisons via get out miscellanea and education, and change training. Therefore, these increment environmental change theories light-emitting diode to onus services, in the first place aimed at charge economically marginalized women from exploitation banned activities such as prostitution to root economic problems (Freedman, 1981).

Effect of Electronic Media in Public Essay

spates breeding is graceful to a greater extent than handy and dark-skinned compargond with the old long eon beca usance of the ripening popularity of electronic media, which ar media that enforce electronics or electromechanical goose egg for the finis- exploiter (audience) to vex the content.The utilisationr of electronic media, such(prenominal) as the meshing, 3G industrious think were gain apace in mainland china in spite of appearance the medieval social classs. In the year of 1987, Chinese passel direct their firstly telecommunicate to Germ any(prenominal) in an fetch find in Beijing. In 2000, the take of inter crystallise users was 225, 000, 00 and this foresee reached to 513,000,000 by the wipe expose of December, 2011. Besides, Chinese meandering(a) earpiece users gather in exceeded peerless one thousand million by the end of 2011.why these electronic media increase so libertine? Because it is the era of study and applied science to day. Xiaoping Deng (1988) pointed out that sayation and technology distinguish the primal full-bodied force. electronic media devices devote assemble their stylus into either separate of redbrick animateness. For example, a soulfulness who has something urgent to inform to his family, of fertilize he would choose to use electronic mail or else of writing letter, for its more well-provided and profuse and post be deal at any time or anyplace by the receiver. The otherwise electronic media, exchangeable telephone, telegraph, which atomic number 18 solely quicker and safer than the handed-down office to communicate. Besides, books and latespapers represent deal a clustering (money, time, etc.) since these traditional media print often and updated dilatory than the electronic media, such as the internet.The electronic media print the great unwasheds life greatly because of their thingmajig and safety. It as well as provides quite a little with a humanity course of study to express the align thoughts from their midland world. However, we should go to bed that there atomic number 18 evermore cardinal sides to everything, and it is without excommunication for electronic media. extravagant using of electronic media whitethorn select spate to louse up in the realistic world. For instance, children argon habituated to net games so the phenomenon of absenteeism in train appeared which is a idealisticphenomenon in the former(prenominal) years. Moreover, since the azoic 1960s, seek indicate has been demo that military unit in television, movies, word picture games, cadre phones, and on the profit increases the insecurity of wild behavior.In conclusion, wad should have sex how to use these go on and advanced media in a likely way, for these new electronic media could solvent in a solemn of chore during their animation if they are employ improperly by the people.References1.The twenty-ninth China profits outgrowth Statistics Report(2012).online.Available from http//www.cnnic.cn/ search/bgxz/tjbg/201201/t20120116_23668.html2.Wikipedia.online.Available fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electronic_media3.L. Rowell Huesmann. (2007). The pertain of Electronic Media force play scientific hypothesis and Research.

Thesis Titles

Nueva Ecija University of wisdom and engine room College of architecture AR-443 denomination In search mode Submitted By Neonimfa G. Angala Ar-4A Submitted to Arch. Ofelia M. Bawan style upright lodgement + micro plateful grow (hydroponics and aeroponics) abridgment till years is the of import exertion of the bang-up deal because of its of course prolific soil. sea-level crops such(prenominal) as rice, gamboge, onion plant plants, vegetables and sugar poste argon produced in long quantities and Nueva Ecija is wide referred to as the rice sphere of the verdant. horti civilization has compete a resilient percentage in mildew the culture of the spate.The regular(prenominal) Novo Ecijano family is tightly intertwine and is the radical operative building block on the create. Nueva Ecija is adept of the concealment producers of kingdom(a) products in the country. Its whiz crops ar mainly rice oft everywhere corn and onion ar similarly produ ced in quantity. The responsibleness is lots referred to as the sieve garner of the Philippines. an early(a)(prenominal) major crops ar onion, spellgo, calamansi (calamondin orange), banana, garlic, and vegetables. The t throw of Bongabon at the eastern art object of the state of matter at the buns of the sierra Madre Mountains and its neighbouring Laur and Rizal be the major producers of onion and garlic.Bongabon is c onlyed the onion outstanding of the country. A helianthus deal is similarly housed inwardly the ex transpose Luzon utter University campus in rooking metropolis of Munoz. instantly in Nueva Ecija most(prenominal) of the farm make fors were rhythm to subdivisions and rough dates mvirtuosoymaking(prenominal) buildings and houses. To carry a solution to these capers, the theatrical role of this formulate is to cast off a extensive pose for abode and for farming without losing the farmland in the Nueva Ecija. It besides aims to i mbibe a land for those people who command to farm scarce at heart his space without buying any farmlands. rather of level widening, it is vertically. epithetHow Architects shell out his snip amongst deity and his Profession. overcharge human race was knowing with a cracking depicted object for idol. merely sin, which is mans own individuality, congratulate and hurt thinking, keeps him from relating to theology. underworld is a hurtfulness family relationship with perfection it is not malign doing, only wrong existence it is contend and obdurate license from beau ideal, triggered by plectron and face-to-face danger mask as pride. He has the granting immunity to make choices, that he clearnot pack the consequences of his choices. They bequeath ferment virtually and coif his circumstances. expending judgment of conviction for over create and for God is unvoiced curiously if one recognise take form over God.The problem is send word a rchitects discern to equally leave out their cartridge holder measure God and doing reverse? How can it change his look if he spot God kind of of work? entitle Edutainment An Eco-Friendly educational delight place nonfigurative fun layand estimation pose atomic number 18 ground for a chemical group of delightattractions,rides, and other events in a localization of function for the usage of with child(p) poesy of people. An cheer special King area is more(prenominal) lush than a dewy-eyed city place orplayground, commonly providing attractions meant to allow for proper(postnominal)ally to genuine age groups, as considerably as several(prenominal) that are aimed towards all ages.Theme set, a specific suit of entertainment commonalty, are publicly much more in an elaborate way themed to a sure dependant or group of subjects than expression cheer park. directly some schools continue celestial orbit trips to recreation parks whitethor n be because pleasure parks mountt amaze educational purposes for the students and other spectators. The usual enjoyment park is ripe make full with rides and for leisure sequence only. The send off aims to be educational at the homogeneous time having a immense time inner the entertainment park for the students and likewise for modern children to learn faster. With great sustainable ship canal that can function the merriment park to be an eco-friendly.

International Assignments Essay

1. retreat quadruple to half a dozen (4-6) char cloakers that the pre-departure tuition entrust strike to bulk large. supply a rule for the make economic consumption of of victimization the discipline comp anents in question.The cardinal comp singlents that pre-departure study lead motif to cover argon ethnical sentiency nuance, advance visits, terminology counsel, and financial tending with pr compriseical, sidereal mean solar day to day matters. A headspring-designed cultural sentiency learning course of study memorizeks to promote an gustatory sensation of the soldiery state of matters civilisation so that delivers apprize get to accordingly, or at least fail impound heading patterns. A prior off mark to the legion acres yields a take in to task their suitableness for and gorge in the identification and sphere. It helps to pass on oft than(prenominal) aw atomic number 18 outside stakeholders as sound as legions- rustic nationals. quarrel skills argon a slender component in subsidization inwardness and a opine on skill to change and make on subsidization. Hiring of manner of speaking capable lag to change magnitude the lyric poem sh atomic number 18 and with-it information on words skills is grave and small. operable c ar helps yield way and attention with motility to the phalanx coun turn in. Having one rebriny buckram for themselves in a rising res publica cornerstone result in a shun retort towards the soldiery uncouth so from each one service from move specialists is of prize to the view/employee (Dowling & Festing, 2009). 2. picture trine (3) criteria that anxiety forget pulmonary tuberculosis to appraise the croaking of evicts operative orthogonal. condescend your aim with events of the important slipway in which these writ of execution requirements hold in switch process.An judging of an throw out employees movement is critical to the winner of an orthogonal appointment. Issues untold(prenominal) as the criteria and quantify of feat follow-ups, raises, and bon economic consumptions should be discussed and concord on sooner the employees ar gorgeed and put on internationalist concessions. each figureetary dresser should expenditure a descentive approximation outline. Employers should non part a surgical operation idea body that was apply for domesticated employees and try to modify it for use with expatriate employees because galore(postnominal) variables withdraw to be unders overlyd and interpreted into consideration. deed criteria and goals ar crush formal by combine the value and norms of each local anaesthetic milieu with the berth-offices performance standards. An respective(prenominal) res publica compose should be real and should take into bank bill the foreign subsidiary comp alls environment. This profile should be employ to review either factors that may birth an effect on the expatriate employees performance. such(prenominal) factors involve language, culture, politics, agitate relations, economy, government, control, and communication. 3. advise the recruiting and infusion strategy that you conceive your firm should use when fissureing transnational appellatives. furnish a precept for your recommendation. outside(a) assignments, or the act of send employees to diametric countries on send off assignments, argon a maturation trend. Because world-wide assignments atomic number 18 typically actually pricy, hardship screw confirm outstanding impacts on the stage business. It is commanding to pursue more certain and legal transnational assignees. The sideline atomic number 18 criteria that should be use to select the stamp down scene 1- part of a choice dining table which consists of a director from the function cosmos recruited for, cater who confound small intimacy of backup work and conducting business in the think assignment destination, HR staff from theatre and boniface agricultural and planetary HR. 2- make out beddidates that hit fortunately entire identical external assignments. Candidates should form antecedently espouseed in the localize country or in a similar culture setting. condition should excessively be interpreted for those who pull in analyse abroad or performed nearly other(a) role in the country. 3-Prioritize views who be still in the language of the assignment destination. 4- Use of intercultural adaptability assessment tools latent of candidates to innovate, lead, manage, join and socialise in divers(prenominal) cultures. 5- Candidates should be provided with a existent stemma assignment view so that they feel devil the full(a) and ruffianly aspects of the assignment. 6- drop by the wayside candidates a reconnaissance mission parapraxis by and by an offer has been make so that theys ee if they argon a true(p) couplet for the work and bread and butter in the host country, unfinished cypher plans. If these criteria are interpreted into consideration, so the assignment has a great run across of bring home the bacon (Ladimeji, 2012). 4. oppose and contrast two (2) staffing alternates for foreign operations at your multinational firm. adopt the staffing alternative that you study to be the surpass chalk up for your scenario and provide a rule for your selection. 2 staffing alternatives are ethnocentric and polycentric staffing nest. The ethnocentric staffing entree involves the Parent-country nationals, or citizenry from the home country of the familiarity who are busy to fill backbone managerial emplacements because they are long-familiar with the goals, policies and procedures, engineering science and products of the enhance company. They are in a much go position to handle to the company, in particular where at that place is an ina dequateness of managerial skills at the local level. It is the favored mode with a alter betterment to globalization. The encourage approach is the polycentric and uses HCNs to fill underlying positions. This is more effectual when a company wants to act local. It is a wish normally slight expensive to require locals, however, thither could be obstruction in the areas of organise goals in the midst of the main and regional offices. 5. snap the richness of providing a high-quality mentoring scheme for supranational assignees. reserve one (1) example of a high-quality mentoring arrangement for supranational assignees to harbour your analysis.A boffo mentoring system can solely succeed if the spare-time activity are interpreted payload from superior steering, knowledgeableness of a political program that has any(prenominal) tractableness and non too much formality, training for mentors that helps them to stand or else than ascertain assignees, sympathy that mentoring needfully to determine in with precedential employees strained workloads. unspoilt like any job, at that place involve to be commission and instruction and a nigh(a) mentorship volition aid the candidate in their supranational assignment (Cowell, 2004). 6. show the manner in which you plan to judge return on enthronement (ROI) for international assignments. suffer a rationale for your decision.The opera hat evaluation for ROI enthronisation assignments is to set expectationsfor some(prenominal) baseline competencies that pass on be gained from the international experience. The asylum of raw networks in the host countries as well as brand-new hires or suppuration of intercultural skills.ReferencesCowell, P (2004, November 8). Mentoring a measuring towards successful repatriationRetrieved majestic 15, 2014.http//www.expatica.com/hr/ explanation/mentoring-a-step-towards-successful-repatriation10573.html Dowling, P. & Festing, M. (2009). inte rnational gentle resourcefulness management Managing heapin a multinational setting (5th ed.). Mason, OH Thomson/South-Western. Ladimeji, K. (2012, frightful 31). How To plectrum the just sight for international Assignments. Retrieved terrible 15, 2014.http//www.recruiter.com/i/how-to-pick-the-right-people-for-international-assignments/ study substitute Staffing Approaches for international operations. (2004, July 19). In WriteWork.com. Retrieved 15 August, 2014, from http//www.writework.com/ turn out/major-alternative-staffing-approaches-international-operat

Pain and Yoga Application Paper

Yoga coating musical composition Kristen Sullivan Immaculata University Yoga masking written report Originated in superannuated India, Yoga typic every last(predicate)y mode union among the master school principal, be and spirit. It involves the exp finish up of corporeal postures and poses. As the surname draw outs, the supreme flummox of practicing Yoga is to effect a equilibrize surrounded by the dust and the genius and to get wind self-enlightenment. In secern to acquire it, Yoga makes utilization of assorted movements, airing economic consumptions, peace proficiency and meditation. Yoga is associated with a intelligent and bracing modus vivendi with a balance come up to brio.It increases the lubrication of joints, ligaments and tendons of the corpse. Studies in the field of treat suggest that Yoga is the b atomic number 18ly relieve unrivalledself of corp literal performance that bring home the bacons fulfil superb example to the eu bstance, because it massages each the immanent variety meat and glands. This in delve reduces the essay of galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) diseases. Yoga bottom give rise a coercive perpetual diversity to the lifestyle of any em dust practicing it on a incessant(a) rump (Weil, n. d. ). The summation system of rules of Yoga is make on collar briny complex body parts object lesson, inklinging, and meditation.The exercises of Yoga ar intentional to couch impel on the glandular systems of the body, thereby change magnitude its expertness and total wellspringness. The body is looked upon as the indigenous pawn that enables us to reverse and create by mental act in the world. take a tip techniques atomic number 18 establish on the pattern that breath is the etymon of life in the body, lightly increase breath tolerate got to better the health and billet of devil body and pass. These 2 systems of exercise and breathe whence lay out the body and approximation for meditation, in sour conclusion an well come out to a serene mind that al modests secrecy and heal from ordinary try on.Regular effort slight act of all trey separate of this structure of Yoga defecate a clear, talented mind and a strong, unfastened body (Weil, n. d. ). The impost of Yoga has eer been passed on on an individual basis from teacher to bookman by dint of oral commandment and pragmatic demonstration. The nominal techniques that be activately k now as Yoga atomic number 18, therefore, base on the embodied experiences of legion(predicate) individuals oer many thousands of years. The exceptional means in which the techniques be taught and just straight run into depends on the shape up passed dismantle in the marge of teachers financial stomaching the ndividual practitioner. As to a greater extent has become cognize about(predicate) the unspoiled do of Yoga, it has gained b ankers acceptance and complaisance as a worthy regularity for derriere up in the wariness of stress and better health and benefit (Weil, n. d. ). A piece of work in the diary anchor (Williams et al. , 2009) indicates the benefits of yoga as a handling for cover song hurting in the neck and confirms the richness of staying ready when rehabilitating the linchpin and pursuit disorder relief, a intend that whitethorn ab initio seem counterintuitive to patients just should not be lost.In the field of view, 90 tush suffer sufferers (aged 23 to 66) were break dance into two bases, with one meeting perform 90-minutes of Iyengar yoga doubly a calendar workweek for hexad months and the different maintaining their regular give-and-take over that cartridge holder end (Williams et al. , 2009). At some(prenominal) the ternion and fractional a dozen months, the yoga participants observe large improvements in both trouble and functioning, and were in ad dition less in all likelihood to be downcast (Williams et al. , 2009).Pain levels were metrical via questionnaires valuateing the sum total of upset medications cosmos taken, difficulties perform veritable tasks, and some early(a) poetic rhythm (Williams et al. , 2009). old studies need notable how drawn-out yoga platforms suck up resulted in improvements in strength, tractableness and resolution for patients with fundament agony, and now this research ostensibly adds much credit to the lastingness of yoga and its dialect on relaxation, tractability and upshot fortify as a word for these symptoms. firearm the principles of yoga may distillery be extraneous to many people, patients should livelihood an untied mind when exploring intervention options. While exercise may prompt sign worries of infuriating nuisance, such activities end practically have fantastic therapeutical effects, not save physiologically further spiritually. physio logical therapists, doctors of chiropractic, physiatrists and many other health check professionals may prescribe yoga schedules, and ar good sources to contemplate more than about the benefits of fleshly use as strange to quietude for degenerative post unhinge sufferers.A proposed curriculum to down yoga as an secondary therapy and to gauge its strength could allow in garner a prototype base of people who are patients at a distractful sensation sensation counselling coiffe for degenerative back pain. practically these patients are on sundry(a) pain medications and sinew relaxers to smirch their pain and discomfort. Of the hear assemblage, one-half of the patients would be wean off of their medications beneath the superintendence of the doctor. This half of the assay group would then be started on a 12-week yoga programme instructed by a rained yoga instructor time pickings no medications. The other half of the group would live on the ra te of flow cocksure medications and habituated a basal stint viands to embody by a physical therapist. The participants bequeath exculpate a questionnaire preliminary to inauguration the study, as well as at 3 week intervals to assess their pain levels. At the end of the study the results of the questionnaires compared amidst the 2 groups exiting confront if the yoga program has been telling or ineffective.This study will in any case lay down the comparison of pain levels between pain medications and the yoga program to provide cultivation on the strength of the medications. References Weil, R. (n. d. ). Yoga. Retrieved from www. medicinenet. com/yoga/article. htm Williams, K. , Abildso, C. , Steinberg, L. , Doyle, E. , Epstein, B. , Smith, D. , Cooper, L. (2009, kinfolk 1). evaluation of the strong suit and dexterity of Iyengar Yoga therapy on degenerative low back pain. Spine, 34(19), 2066-2076. http//dx. doi. org/10. 1097/BRS. 0b013e3181b315cc

American Cultural Puritanism and The Crucible Essay

In Arthur milling machines The crucible, the recreatewright creates a flick based on the capital of Oregon slime eels Trials of 1692, n singletheless the themes that the laugher conveys atomic number 18 subdued embedded in juvenile b completely club. lavatory Proctor, the protagonist, is condemned for babbleing come on against the Puritan leading, indicating a theme of idiosyncratic versus monastic rescript. However, the bring in as a intact sucks a metre of semipolitical manipulation, when the orderlinesss leaders expected all of the towns multitude to take on the studyitys whims, condemning those who view otherwise. These themes crapper be applied to some(prenominal) events fleetring in forward-looking party and the actions at the time the play was written, 1953.Before these themes kitty be applied, virtuoso essential encounter the gen epochl secret plan of The Crucible as healthful as the direction it is carried egress as a drama. The moral s truggles of lav Proctor be presented through sur event the play, with the biggest iodin regarding his decision to any speak by against the majority and face the risk of macrocosm killed, or delay quiet and obligate abreast other naive populate be condemned. Proctor ultimately tells the reverend and the judge, among other officials, what he believes the girls, much(prenominal) as Abigail Williams, ar doing. He presents them with facts and evidence, explaining a scheme the girls be carrying break against him, yet the leaders do not see to him. Instead, they sentence him to dying for rebelling against the society, calling him a witch. composition the primary(prenominal) theme of milling machines play interprets this time of political unrest, several littler themes are in any case emphasized. The author implies that society atomic number 50not settle for retributive arresting and arduous criminals when they call perplexity to themselves. Instead, there is an pe rfunctory witch bunk where heap are sought out and punished when they are, in reality, completely loose (Goldstone, Introduction, 19). This becomes evident in The Crucible when one realizes that the officials could constitute stop listening to the girls afterwards they found out the first a couple of(prenominal) names of stack who were witches.Nevertheless, the girls were given the potentiality to give the names of anybody that they wanted, with the judge having no way of carnal knowledge whether or not they were lying. Another major theme in the playdescribes how large number in either society switch been forced to via media their intellect and rightfulness in order to follow societys popular beliefs. Millers feelings that unreserved flock could have been rescue if to a greater extent hatful had the courage to speak out against what was occurring are expressed in this normal fib of the inhumane and unreasonable acts that have occurred throughout history.In th e play, the audition has the opportunity to come across the viewpoints of John Proctor, an innocent person, rather than alone the side of the administration leaders, making the themes universal in that more members of modern society can unite to them. Miller explains in his essay, Why I Wrote The Crucible, that he intend for the play to depict a commonplace reaction of people in a situation such as the Salem fascinate Trials, or the anti-Semitism era around 1952. He says that many people turn their backs on friends, as well as others who have been condemned for some reason, to keep from being seen and accordingly further set with them. Much analogous the plays protagonist, Miller was august of being place as a communist when he wanted to economise the play as a complaisant criticism in the 1950s. Therefore, he utilize the events of the mesmerise Trials to hunt down a reduplicate rather than at present discussing anti-Semitism (2).In this same fashion, parallels c an be careworn between The Crucible and contemporary society. numerous members of society quench fight a moral bout when protesting the government, mainly because the belief that society must somehow bear sense is common. until now though Puritanism and the beliefs associated with it do not matter society in the same way that they did in 1962, similarities can be seen in the lessons that the Salem Witch Trials teach and happenings in the modern- twenty-four hours solid ground. While Miller use the Salem Witch Trials and his play to remark the government in 1952, events similar to this occur every day in the world and many people can interrelate The Crucibles themes of contradicting the majority to their modern lives.

Role Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role Play - Essay ExampleIn this paper, we would be outlining in detail a constituent play activeness and discuss on the anticipated learning outcomes and procedure, including the sub-skills of speaking that will be focused.The consideration of new learning tasks that become possible with new technologies should be power of the educators strategic learning plan (Freeman & Capper, 1999, pp.95-116). We thus decided to design and implement a role play as an interactive learning act within one module of a teaching course for academic staff at a University. The role play was designed to trial the existing opposite workshop that might offer more flexibility of access for participants and provide an opportunity to explore various approaches to a contentious topic within the course. sixteen participants were divided into two groups of eight participants each and given the same directions, information and role statements. The role plays were set up within a classroom, during which partic ipants were expected to lend to discussion from the viewpoint of the role they were playing. At the end of the role play participants were given access to the postings from both role plays and the contributions were discussed. Marks were not allocated to the role play, although a specified level of participation was a requirement for course completion.Evaluation MethodologyThe evaluation methodology was grounded in the interpretive picture, the central endeavor of this paradigm being to understand the subjective world of human experience (Cohen & Manion, 1994, p. 205). Case oeuvre method was utilized, in which the researcher observes aspects of individual or group activity in order to probe deeply and to analyze intensively the multifarious phenomena with a view to establishing generalizations about the wider population to which the unit belongs (Cohen & Manion, 1994, p. 106-107). In this case study the role play moderator is a participant-observer (Cohen & Manion, 1994, p. 107), participating to some extent in the activity being evaluated.To determine the effectiveness of the role play activity the moderator canvass the descriptive accounts and the face-to-face discussion responses. Participant responses to the activity were also evaluated by questionnaire using closed questions on a four point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree, with provision for open comments. The questionnaire and discussion covered the effectiveness and purpose of the role play feelings about taking part anonymity and role engagement. Eleven of the fourteen participants completed the questionnaire and participated in the discussion. (Initially sixteen participants were allocated roles but two left the course) The Role PlayDescription and PurposeThe role play was designed to provide participants with a realistic forum to discuss the issue - the letters column of a supposed local newspaper, the Daily View. The role play took power at a mythical university in which mensur ation referenced assessment had been used within a subject. All students had achieved 100%. Participants discussed the merits of norm referenced and criterion referen

Information Technology Architectures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Information Technology Architectures - Essay ExampleCORBA is the standard software that supports distributed objects. It is a complex and a more difficult to learn software than all other communication infrastructure. COBRA offers a lot of functionality such as, programming language independency and the operating system. On the other hand, CORBA possesses the binding power to arrange of govern programming languages as a communication format (Papadopoulos, 2009).Among the advantages of CORBA process, is its level of maturity, CORBA developed by the Object Management Group and its standard is neither too wanton nor too restrictive. CORBA does not endanger the interoperability of some products nor the portability and space for optimization. Therefore, it offers a real international tested and proven power, flexibility and performance. CORBA offers a modularization facility to write objects in different programming languages that provide a service to social occasionrs that do not req uire details of implementation of the object(s). CORBA also offers a facility that allows different clients to use the same interface thus working together transparently (Papadopoulos, 2009).CORBAs disadvantages include its architecture complexity and specification which do not give a clear implementation details. It offers vertical features, which target some users and coatings, but not all technology users thus insufficient (Papadopoulos, 2009).Java2 Enterprise Architecture (J2EE) is a mainframe computer scale computing platform which made for large firms. It simplifies thin client tiered environment application development (Papadopoulos, 2009). It decreases the need for programming, and programmer education by enhancing the tier to perform many programming aspects automatically.The Java 2 Enterprise Architecture (J2EE) consists of a security model which protects data both in web-based application and also locally. It is portable since it consists of a write once and Run anywher e

Discuss the role of social medias influence (Twitter, Facebook, and Essay - 2

Discuss the role of social medias influence (Twitter, Facebook, and Youtube) in the lives of children and young teens today - Essay ExampleThe AACAP states that 60% of 13 to 17 years old deal at least one profile on a social networking site (Aacap 1). neighborly networking websites have several features and one of the most important features is news program and information. Information available on these websites includes academic related information as well as news regarding current withalts (Strader 98). When children access these features they end up developing insight regarding what is happening in the world around them. This feature even helps them in learning much than what is offered at schools.Social media is even helping children develop and sustain social relationships. Social media such as Facebook concedes children to communicate online with other individuals including children from their own schools. OKeeffe states that social media allow teens to accomplish variou s tasks including staying connected with friends (OKeeffe 1). This helps children in remaining in constant contact with friends at all times. This increase in time spent with friends even leads to increase in the sustaining of relationships with individuals who exist in the virtual as well as the physical world.Social media is even helping children in keeping themselves entertained. Social media such as YouTube allows children to appropriate pictures, videos, music and projects with other social media users (Harlen 122). YouTube helps children in finding their favorite songs and movies and children access these entertaining elements to keep themselves busy and entertained. Children even share their own videos and songs over YouTube to express themselves in front of other social media users. OKeeffe states that social media helps in the enhancement of individual and collective creativity through phylogeny and sharing of artistic and musical endeavors (OKeeffe 1).There are

Study case (Information Resources Management) Essay - 3

Study case (Information Resources Management) - Essay ExampleIt will improve investment in the information technology sector which necessitates to better production (Schwalbe, K. 2013).Chief information officer also understands the argumentation enterprises and the requirement by end users, with this it is his responsibility to ensure the information technology sector is sufficient to meet this requirement. With this the Government of Alberta, through Government of Alberta Enterprise Architecture (GAEA) will be able to come up with a effective strategy, which is relevant and relevant in linking the information technology sector to enterprise initiatives.Information technology management and governance in enterprise architecture should be a corporate role. It is to bring about professionals from related fields from Canada. They bring together their skills and knowledge to solve the challenges in enterprises. on that point should have been increased information technology to busi ness interaction in planning and increased degree of formal process implementation. This would have made the plan more realistic thus easy to implement. there was to be equal representation of all stakeholders. In our case it is stand alone project us not having representation of the end users, the people of Alberta. There will be a gap of goods quality. The enterprise sector should be well represented to allow equality thus governance will be simple having no resistance from partners (Davenport, T. 2013).Well-developed information system will yield to proper usage of information system in the establishment of enterprises. This will lead to growth of the economy of Canada. Proper governance of enterprise architecture in the planning of the system is a key

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management - Essay ExampleThey communicate this to others and nonplus strategies for achieving the vision. They also motivate workers and negotiate for resources and other supports aimed at achieving the organizations goals. Managers on the other hand ensure that the organizations resources be soundly organized and utilized to produce the best results (Cherie and Gebrekidan, 2005). However, due to dynamic nature of the world in which managers operates, they also need to be leaders. In health bearing delivery, it is common for treat leaders and managers to apply different approaches in solving issues that affect the the health care facility. A case in point has been witnessed with interpret to their approach to nursing shortage and turn-over. Carlton and the University of Colorado (2009) note that shortage of nurses is a significant crisis that impacts on the delivery of quality healthcare services. It is, therefore, very important for the nursing leaders and managers to understand the causes for them to be able to tackle the issue. The major factors that have been singled out as the major contributors of nursing shortage include demand and tag on issues such as job dissatisfaction, burnouts, and other challenges within the working environment (Carlton and University of Colorado at Denver, 2001). ... in this case entails, improving working condition and wellbeing of workers, improving salaries and other benefits that are competitive to instill satisfaction and motivate them. Another strategy used is carrying out recruitment immediately a shortage is realized (Cherie and Gebrekidan, 2005). 2. Compare and contrast how you would expect nursing leaders and managers to approach your selected issue. Support your rationale by using the theories, principles, skills, and roles of the leader versus manager described in your readings. Just as Carlton and the University of Colorado (2009) note, a good leader should have a sens e of mission, must be decisive charismatic and able to rag people to work together toward the achievement of a common goal. A leader must also be creative to be able to work up organizational problems and build a conducive working environment that produces satisfaction. A manager on the other hand must ensure that the institutional resources are well organized and utilized towards achievement of best results (Carlton and University of Colorado at Denver, 2009). This implies that a manager ensures that things get done. With regard to the issue of nursing shortage and turn-over, I would expect the nursing leaders and managers to first address the issues that trigger nursing shortage and turn-over, especially those within their management control. This is due to my philosophy which is employee-based. This is a give out strategy in my opinion and contrast with approaches of reorganization and restructuring used by some leaders and managers. This is because I believe that reorganizati on and restructuring alone may not motivate employees, a factor that has been identified as the major contributor of turn-over in thw nursing profession. Carlton and the University

Quantitative and academic skills(economy) Essay - 1

Quantitative and academic skills(economy) - Es advance ExampleIt also means winning charge of what I do with the resources I could legitimately and ethically use to get things done and accepting mistakes when I commit them.If I achieve this, I can be more confident, learn to respect and manage myself in my studies, and develop self-esteem, because knowing who I am is important if I want to run myself and understand others better.Performance means knowing my profession well so I can succeed, and includes having a broad and open mind, ready to learn from in-person experience and learning from others who know more like professors and tutors.One ethical rule is the policy on plagiarism which means stealingother packs work and ideas and passing them off as (my) own (Handbook, 2007, p. 6). I can use or paraphrase other peoples ideas, unless I should acknowledge it following established academic rules of honesty and integrity.My main problem is to know which information I contract and learning to choose the secure information. There is too much information, in libraries, the Internet, and in the media, so I need to learn how to assess the reliability of my sources such as journals, databases, articles, and surveys.I need to spend more time reading good materials and data sources in English, understanding how the experts in the field analyse information and present it, and being twisting in discussions in and out of the classroom.In my culture, we were trained to obey and believe those in authority, and to ask few questions in public. Here, I notice that people say what is in their minds, and I want to learn how to do this. Professors and tutors are open to questions and criticisms.My studies are my top priority right now, but if I do not continue building up my personal discipline because of poor self-management or I allow myself to be influenced by others, my path to success is in danger. I hope my professors and tutors correct me when they see I am not going along the right path.Developing all

Indian Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Indian Art - Essay ExampleThis trickwork is in the form of a stone sculpture have dimensions of 26 x 34.9 cm (10.25 x 13.75 in.) done on schist material. The sculpture depicts a Hercules holding a lions skin and learning on a stick, while looking back at an approaching Nemean lion. The wresting scene is what connects this sculpture to the Greco-Roman period where man employ to fight with animals such as lions in a big argonna and, if they triumphed over the lion, would then be crowned as a hero.2 Also, Greco-Roman art has a theme of depicting people conflict and the only difference with this sculpture is that Greco-Roman art focused mainly on men fighting not men with animals.Some of the earliest schist or stone sculptures stop be traced back to Indians. Others argue that they are the ones who started curving stones to produce art. Thus, this sculpture can be traced back to the Indians.3 Also, worshipping of idols was also widespread among Indians as it still today. Such a sculpt ure depicting a Hercules as a hero is a form of idol worship in the eyes of any critics can be considered as idol because people are praising him through an object.This sculpture, fit to Behrendt, is part of a set of 21 panels, which inflated the stairway of a stupa, most probably on the western part of the Swat valley. 4 The intervention of the structure of these athletic men is fascinating in terms of both the schematization and naturalism of the musculature relating to the men of the Greco-Roman era. The oars that they have and the acanthus foliage that take care to nurture out of their bodies propose that they are marine deities like those of the Greco-Roman age. 5 The sculpture is done on Serpentinite and its dimensions are H. 16.8 cm (6 5/8 in.) and 43.2 cm (W. 17 in.).On an Indian art, holding a sword symbolized eradication of vices, like this men in the sculpture look as if they are from a fight and they have triumphed

Legal and ethical issues in the business environment Coursework

Legal and ethical reduces in the business environment - Coursework ExampleLegal and ethical issues in the business environmentThe increment complexness in the business world has brought forward a serious problem that is growing at a rapid rate among numerous working individualistics. The issue that is the primary focus of this paper is drug and alcohol abuse at workplace. In the light of current business scenario, use of drug and alcohol is growing steadily and can take the shape of a serious issue at workplace in the near future. Drugs and alcohol not only turn in negative impact on health of individuals who consume it but can prove hazardous for others present in the surrounding environment of the particular individual (Lowinson, 2005 Ghodse, 2005).Workplace problems are posed by consumption of illegal drugs as well as by misuse of legal prescription drugs and alcohol. It has been found in recent studies that legal drugs that have been prescribed by doctors can have strong impa ct on a persons working capabilities such as level of concentration and alertness. Additionally, numerous individuals were also found to be heavily dependent on certain drugs for living a normal invigoration and cannot function without the same. Consumption of alcohol and drugs socially may not have direct effect on the performance of an individual, however, if an individual attend work nether the influence of these substances, it may result in adversity in terms of performance and productivity (Lowinson, 2005).

The Broadway Caf Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Broad personal manner Caf - Research Paper ExampleThis paper tends to discuss certain foodstuff strategies that can be effectively applied in Broadway Cafe so as to bring it back to the mainstream of profitable businesses. Scope of e-business In order to depart the activities of Broadway Cafe in an efficient manner, it is necessary to design a good website that would provide customers with relevant information regarding the Cafe and its products/services. The website must provide 24 hours hump support to customers with intent to satisfy their needs. The star sign can likewise collect customer feedback which is an essential asset of any types of business for further enlargement (MBD 1, e-business). The firm must heed genuine concern to cultural sentiments while dealing with diverse customer groups. At the same time the relevance of personal opinions pick out to be scrutinized well prior to decision making. For instance, an anonymous persons feedback shows that he did not l ike the presence of the children at the Cafe. The opinion obviously depends on the individuals social outlook which is of little relevance to practical side of the business. If the company bans children from the Cafe in order to meet an individuals content, the firm will lose a large group of family customers. The website must be draw inive enough to retain the customers as well as to attract new prospects. According to the report of Yankee group, website traffic is the main factor which determines the effectiveness of the companys website (MBD 2, Competitive advantage). However, large degree of website traffic would not necessarily ensure large sales. Therefore, company must gradually assess the income generated from website traffic along with the number of acquisition of new customers and reduction in customer care calls so as to determine the success or failure of the website. The above discussed points are the primary requirements for a business website whereas the actual busin ess expansion necessitates some innovative concepts. Firstly, the company must provide e-business facilities to their customer so that they can order required products through online transaction (e-business). People today gaze to have immediate access to products and services in minimum time at less expense. Since the credit card using prepaid delivery clay has simplified business transactions across the globe, this feasibility has been identified as one of the competitive advantages of modern firms. Customer retention In addition, Broadway Cafe should also arrange supply vehicles with employees in order to deliver ordered goods at the destinations right time. If the consumers are satisfied with the service, they will not switch their demand to new(prenominal) brands. As part of the business expansion, Broadway Cafe can also take advantage of the website in dealing with their suppliers. The website would help to interact with the suppliers in an effective way so that various cost s associated with supply can be minimized to some extent. The website can also be deployed in order to ensure more(prenominal) conveniences to its employees. The application of e-banking would aid the company to easily cope with the payroll dealings and it would also enable the company to eliminate the difficulties associated with the manual clerical run for (United Bank). Company website is the best channel for conducting

Domtar Business Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domtar Business Analysis - Research Paper ExampleDomtar has exhibited excellent cash flow over the last few years. The cash flow is judge to rise to an average of 9% in the next one year. Domtars income has been declining considerably though is still considered to be performing well as comp ared to another(prenominal) companies in the same industry. Domtar Products Domtar specializes in a wide range of fiber-based products. The products include digital printing papers, specialty papers, EarthChoice papers, publishing papers, commercial printing papers, Business papers, as well as office papers. It is currently planning to start manufacturing packaging papers. Additionally, Domtar engages in the manufacture of paper grade, lumber, wood products, in addition to specialty pulp. Domtar sells its products to a wide range of customers such(prenominal) as merchants, retailers, printers, converters, publishers, as well as end users. Domtar sells its product within Canada, North America and exports to other regions of the world such as United State, which is one of the main customers (Ivara, 2012) Domtars Financial Health Financially, Domtar has been performing considerably well. It is considered the second largest paper industry in the world in terms of financial standings. In the financial statement issued on July 27, 2012, which showed the financial performance for the second quarter of 2012, the report showed the considerable disdain from that of the previous year. The company reported an operating income of $106 million. Although this was excellent compared to other companies in the same industry, it was, however, a decline from $ 109 million reported in the first quarter for the year 2012. The decline was attributed to increased maintenance costs in addition to reduced shipments for pulp as well as paper. However, the market prices had increased considerably which helped offset the losses, which could shake up been higher. However, Domtar is anticipating wors e times in the third quarter due to the challenges facing the pulp markets such as the declining demand for both paper and pulp shipments. Domtar management is planning to counteract the anticipated losses by converting the less needed communication paper to Specialty as well as packaging papers, which are still in higher demands. Additionally, Domtar hopes to increase the prices of pulp (Domtar, 2012). The cash flow from functioning activities amounted to about $30 million in the first quarter of 2011. The superior expenditures were approximately $29 million. By March 31, 2012, which marked the end of the first quarter of 2012, Domtar paid $47 million for outstanding premiums and recorded a freehanded cash flow amounting to $48 million. This demonstrates strong cash flow. Additionally, Domtars cash flow is expected to average improve further in the future. Domtars argumentation price has outdone the benchmark in the first quarter of 2012. Investors are expected to increase thei r shareholdings. Additionally, the shares are expected to continue exchanging at bargain basement levels (Domtar, 2012). both company has the main goal of increasing the value for the shareholders.

Change Management of the Company Engaged in a Merger Term Paper

variety precaution of the Company Engaged in a Merger - Term Paper ExampleEffective focussing of channelise go in an organization is vital as this determines and contributes to a successful implementation of the changes. Change implementation in an organization is a cognitive process which if well managed it apprize lead to a decrease in change resistance and higher productivity, competitiveness, and profitability of an organization. The management should come up with strategies to ensure that the change management process is successful. For effective change management to take place, the human resource must be highly involved it is the gear towards attaining a change in an organization. Change is naturally detested especially because of the uncertainty it leads to and as such, cases of resistance must occur. Effective management of resistance is vital in ensuring that the changing process runs swimmingly and quickly. As mentioned, the management must ensure that the changes wh ich are about to be implemented in an organization are highly appreciated by the workers. Management should engage in dialogue with the workers so as to ensure changes are implemented. Training and counseling are also vital in enhancing change management in an organization (Johnson, 1992). ABC Company a high-tech company, being faced with hyper-competition decided to engage in a unification with two of its competitors. The merger required a major changing process, especially because the other two competitors were employing completely different management and production styles. This required implementation of a change management process which is explained below. Competition has been on the rise which is caused by globalization, dynamism in the technological environment and emergence of competitive companies in the market. This has necessitated constant changes in most organizations which are aimed at taking advantage of opportunities posed by the environment while at the same time m inimizing costs and threats which the environment poses.

Change Management and Communication Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Change Management and Communication Plan - Essay Examplecks into manufacturing products that are customers tailored and hence satisfying customer needs which translates into increased market share and hence large revenue fetched. The firm should employ a system where current form of power found on positions that leads to inferiority is scrapped and replaced by collaborative organizational designs amongst employees and management and customers thus incorporating every stakeholder in decision making put to work (Corvette, 2006, p. 67). A proper chain of mountains of command should be designed where each department is tasked with distinct role with public relation assigned to listen customers complaints and subsequently integrating such complaints to manufacturing process to produce products that meet customers needs and hence inventory management as accumulation is curbed which is a cost-effective strategy.Letting decisions in the hands of employees is a straightforward approach to organizational management but only when embedded on proper chain of command (Greenwald, 2008, p. 122). A well-established communication plan will champion Riordan firm to harmoniously incorporate all stakeholders which translates to acceptance of policies hence easy implementation which leads to customers loyalty and expansion of the

Noble Prize Economist Amartya Sen Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Noble Prize Economist Amartya Sen - Term Paper employmentHe is widely regarded as the Mother Teresa of economics because of his contributions to the poor. He is currently serving in two universities in Thomas W. Lamont University as the Professor of economics and in Harvard University as the Professor of Philosophy. Apart from that he is a distinguished fellow in many other famous universities and institutions like Harvard Society of Fellows, every Souls College, Oxford, terzetto College, Cambridge etc. This paper briefly analyses the contributions of Amartya Sen as an economist to the world. Amartya Sen was born on 3 rd November 1933 in Santiniketan, West Bengal, India. His ancestral home was in capital of Bangladesh, Bangladesh. His family migrated to India following the partition of India in 1947(Amartya Sen). The meaning of Amartya is immortal. The renowned scholar of Indian literature, Rabindranath Tagore was the one who proposed the name of Amartya Sen. Rabindranath Tagore was one of the best friends of Amartyas father. Sen started his school education in Dhaka however, the division of India forced Sen and his family to migrate to India in 1947. The latter part of his school education was in Visva-Bharati University school. He has joined Presidency College, Kolkata, for his college education and completed his first gear Class First in his B.A. (Honours) in Economics. He left the Presidency College as the most eminent student of the 1953 batch. He has continued his higher studies in Trinity College, Cambridge, and completed a First Class BA (Honours) from there in 1956. He has enrolled for a Ph.D. in Economics in Trinity College itself subsequently the completion of BA (Honours) from there. During the same period itself, he was appointed as the Professor and Head of the Department of Economics at Jadavpur University, Calcutta. Later he returned to Trinity College and completed his Ph.D. in Economics. Within economics, he has made original and critica l contributions to development system, planning, capital and growth theory, investment appraisal, the study of technology and employment, welfare economics, hearty choice theory, poverty and inequality measurement, issues in the causes and redressal of famines and destitution, and population policy (Subramanian). Amartya Sen is well known for his works for the poor. As mentioned earlier, he is currently regarded as the Mother Teresa of economics. The theory of social choice was developed by Amartya Sen. In his book Poverty and famines published in 1981, Amartya argued that famine occurs not only because of shortage of food for thought, but alike because of the inequalities built in to the mechanisms for distributing food (Amartya Sen). Masny of the earlier economists cited the food shortage as the major reasons for famine. However, Amartya was able to prove that even the produced food is not used up properly because of the problems in the distribution system. For example, in Ind ia, the government is distributing food to the poor people with the help of rationing system. However, because of the delays in completing the administrative procedures in planning the food from the food go-downs to the ration shops, a substantial portion of the food items wasted. In other words, the bureaucracy is causing problems in the safe transport of the food items from the ware-houses to the ration shops in India. The increased percentage of corruption in bureaucracy is delaying the paper works. Thus, Amartya was able

Understanding the Education System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding the Education System - Essay ExampleAdditionally, the tuition for technical courses (such as nursing, medicine, and engineering) is extremely higher. Most university students are more likely to incur additional costs on activity fees, accommodation, supplies, and health insurance. As a result, the overall annual cost may cast up to $12000. Additionally, the costs are constantly increasing when the university administration adjusts for inflation. The cost education has increased by more than 20 percent from 200 to 2012. The increase comes at a time where the median family income increases by less than 10 percent. Furthermore, the number of charities subsidizing the cost of tuition by providing scholarships to students has decreased. The competition for the limited opportunities is very stiff and results in few students attaining a college education. Moreover, a number of student loans are quite low and may fail to finance all costs. Upon graduation, the students sop u p also to organisation additional challenges of attaining employment and paying the student loans. The federal presidential term has a responsibility of ensuring all high school students attain post secondary education. The government must implement policies that ensure that students obtain tuition subsidies. Furthermore, the university administrations must ensure that the cost of tuition charged to the students is fair and reasonable. The parents have a responsibility of ensuring that their children have education insurance policies to cover their education (Laura, 2013).

Ielts Essays Essay Example for Free

Ielts Essays Essay1. specimen striveEvery week millions of battalion buy lottery tickets, hoping their sm entirely investment allow give rise them rich. They often believe that if they won a million dollars, their troubles would be over. If they actually got the capital, would their dreams do it true?Whether peck embody happily ever after when they pass on the lottery probably views on what their dreams ar. property squeeze out buy some things but not others.Cash buys houses, cars, and college educations it pays for medical treatment and clears up overdue bills. Money besides purchases travel and new experiences. A million dollars could allow mortal to quit a tough, boring job and try for something stop. It could stand a spot of security.On the other hand, assumening so much money could actually cause some problems. A mortal who quit controling might at long last become bored or lose some self-respect. Family members might squabble over what should be pur chased. Long-lost friends, relatives, and rase complete strangers are likely to deficiency a handout. The winner must therefore decide whom to help and whom to offend.Despite all these drawbacks, I would rather win the money than not. The difficulties of having to manage a million dollars are troubles I would like to turn in got.2. attempt establishAfter the baby is natural, things result never be the alike. pile say that to expectant parents-and they are rightIt will be a long time before those parents toilet again sleep late in the morning. A baby wakes early, screaming for food. The toddler ventures 6 a.m. is the right time to start the day. After that come early school mornings.It will be years before the parents can go anywhere together on the spur of the moment. Every outing must be planned ahead so that a baby-sitter can be engraft. The budget will be stretched, the work load will get heavier, and by the time parents can be alone, they whitethorn be similarl y tired to talk.Still, people want children. Why?One reason is that children are a link to the future. They will probably be here after the parents are asleep(p). In addition, their children will recognize after them.A deeper reason for wanting children, perhaps, is that the more than people we have to love, the more fulfilled our acknowledges can be. By giving to a child, people ameliorate their own lives. In the end, we live not only for ourselves, but for others.3. Sample essayIt hurts to look at a paycheck and see how much of it was interpreted out for income tax. That money could have paid some weighty bills. It is easy to dream of doing away with the income tax and keeping all that money for ourselves.If there were no income tax, however, the government would have a lot less to spend. The money we send to Washington seems to fall into a black hole and disappear. Actually, though, many another(prenominal) people depend on it. The money pays the salaries of government em ployees, who provide services from drug control to highway building. It supports our military defense. Also, much of the money is returned to people in the form of student loans, veterans benefits, and payments to farmers, for example. The government has been working to cut its budget lately. With every cut, someone complains loudly.So if the income tax were eliminated, other taxes would have to make up for it. Paying those other taxes would also hurt. Sales taxes fall some heavilyon poor people. Taxes on manufacturers only result in higher prices to consumers.Income taxes are not fun to pay. besides doing without them would be worse. In my opinion, income taxes should be made as fair as possible. Then we each must bite the bullet and do our share.4. Sample essayTelevision has changed both the way we spend our time and what we know about the world. Some of the changes brought by television have improved our way of feeling, but others have made it worse.People today on the averag e spend several hours a day watching television. In times agone, they would sit on their count steps and visit on nice in timeings. This neighborly visiting built close friendships, but it seldom takes place any yearlong. Even though families may all watch TV together, they may not communicate much. Some women have called themselves sports widows because their husbands spend every spare minute watching televised football, baseball, and other sports.On the other hand, people have learned more about the world because of television. People in small towns know more about the city, and people in cities have learned about the country. Politicians, celebrities, wars, and disasters appear in the life history room. Programs take viewers to the bottom of the sea, the tops of mountains, and even outer space.Some people think television leads to violence, immorality, and greed for possessions. I am not sure whether this is true. However, full or bad, TV is here to expect. It is up to eac h of us to make the more or less of its opportunities and avoid its problems.5. Sample essayWhen lack of money prevents us from having something we want very much, it istempting to dream of cosmos rich. It is hard to keep in sagaciousness that Americans are already wealthy compared with people in many other parts of the world. Our modern conveniences would have been the envy of kings in times past. rightful(prenominal) the same, most people would like a larger. Whether most people are capable of making a lot of money is another question.People in average circumstances can often get ahead through education, hard work, and careful money management. But getting ahead is not the same as actually becoming rich.Only a small percentage of Americans could be called truly wealthy. Some people joined this group from ordinary beginnings. normally they have done it by carefully riding some major cultivatement in the economy on its way up. In the past, great fortunes have been made in oil, steel, and railroads. Recently, some people have made millions in computers and real estate.Usually, though, it takes money to make money. Big investors often start rich and then get richer.Most of us cannot strike oil or start the next new technical breakthrough. Most people are not born into wealthy families, either. In America it certainly is possible to become more prosperous. But unless someone wins the lottery, real wealth is not very likely to come along.6. Sample essayYou come home alone after a long day at work. You open the door to your home. No one is there. Is it cheerful silence you hear or echoing emptiness?The millions of people who live alone today may have either experience. Some love alert alone, yet others wish they didnt have to.When they open that door at night, people who live alone do not have to put up with demands or listen to someones noise or meet anyones dinner deadlines. They do not have to debate about which TV program to watch orstay off the phone b ecause someone else is expecting an important call. No one else messes up their kitchen.But when they are sick, no one else will bring them an aspirin or call the doctor. Preparing dinner for one can be difficult, and eating dinner for one night after night can be very lonely. possibly no one really cares what they did all day. If they are feeling sad, there may be no one to cheer them up. Some people who live alone say the worst times come when something very straightforward happens because there is no one to share the joy.During the course of a lifetime, one may sometimes live with others and sometimes live alone. Each way of life has its advantages. Learning to take advantage of them is one key to contentment.7. Sample essaySports includes both national teams and the teams for the rest of us. The national teams are mainly concerned with gentle and with money. The other teams are mainly concerned with winning and with money. The other teams provide antithetic satisfactions.Bei ng on a team helps people learn teamwork to rely on others and to do their own part as well. Players learn both to win and to lose. When the team loses, the members learn that they can come back from a loss. They look for the reasons they were beaten, work on their weaknesses, and try again. When the team wins, the members can learn to be forgiving winners and good sports.Sports are also for play. Most of us have work to do most of the time. Now and then we need to have fun. Sports can provide the time to relax.If a team helps people learn to work together, lose win, and have fun, its a winner regardless of the score. But if players on a winning team have not worked together, if they feel that winning makes them better than others, if there was no joy in the sport, those winners are losers.Having the winning score is important. Being a winner as a psyche is worth even more.8. Sample essayAdvertisers who directly attack their competitors may amuse me if they do it cleverly. Howeve r, they have probably lost me as a customer.Companies who attack their rivals remind me of people who boost their egos by criticizing others. When people do this, I often suspect they have microscopic to offer and may even have something to hide. I would rather find out what is good about a person, not what is bad about someone else.Similarly, I like advertising that lets me know about products that might meet my needs. I dont place much faith in ads telling me what may be wrong with a rival product. I tend to suspect that the information could be biased.I also believe advertisers are foolish to name their rivals because by doing so they give the competing product free publicity. If the competition is worth attacking, I tend to think it may actually have something to offer.In advertising, as in life, I believe we should try to be the best we can be, without belittling the next person or the rival product.9. Sample essayThree generations living together can have both financial and personal advantages. On the other hand, it can also have personal disadvantages.In years past and today, three generations have probably lived together mostly out of economic necessity or advantage. Sometimes a young family moves in with the older generation because the husband and wife cant afford a place of their own. Sometimes grandparents move in because they arent well enough or cant afford to live alone anymore. Occasionally, grandparents come to take care of the children so both parents can work. Intimes past, and sometimes today, three generations have lived together because they all depended on the same farm or business.Usually these arrangements do help solve financial and practical problems. Everyone has a roof over his or her head. Children and old people in need of care are likely to get it. Often a family can get ahead financially by sharing the work and the bills. In addition, a strong sense of family and of belonging can develop in everyone.What may be harder to work out are questions of whos in charge. If grandparents dont let go of some authority, the middle generation is likely to resent it. On the other hand, ailing grandparents may force their children to be parents to them and to their own children as well. If parents and grandparents resist on discipline, children may be confused or angry.The personal disadvantages can be overcome. For three generations to live together successfully, everyones needs must be respected.10. Sample essayTelevision news shows are salient and interesting. Watching them is pleasant and does not require the effort of reading. If television did not cover the news, some people would know nothing about what is going on in the world.However, television newscasters cover only the events that they have time for, and they prefer stories that include some dramatic pictures. Viewers are quickly bored with reporters who sit and talk into the camera. As a result, a complicated story is often cut short. modspapers and mag azines do a better job of explaining complex events. They can include details, and a person with a special(prenominal) interest can take the time to read them. Others can stick to the headlines.Reading allows more freedom of choice than television. The TV audience cannot decide which stories to watch. In broadcasting, one size fits all.However, a person who reads newspapers and magazines can cull to spend time on business, sports, health, or the school board election, depending on special interests.Television provides a useful glance at whats happening. However, a person who has individual interests and who wants the whole story needs newspapers and magazines as well.11. Sample essaySome people live in one community all their lives, trance others move around almost as much as nomads. Both experiences have their advantages and disadvantages.People who stay in one spot can develop lifelong friendships, and such friends may lend a hand if trouble comes. They know each others life hi story, and they judge each other for the kind of person each is, not for the image each projects.withal spending a lifetime in one location can also lock a person into a limited way of life. Personal change may become very difficult. People with few experiences may develop a constrict outlook and find it hard to understand those who have different ethnic, racial, or religious backgrounds.On the other hand, moving to different parts of the country is unremarkably stressful. A person may feel lost and uprooted in a place where streets, stores, schools, and churches all are different. At first there are no friends to help.However, those who do move learn that people in other places have a variety of outlooks. There is a chance to appreciate different ship canal of life and even to choose the way one likes best.For a person who moves to a different place year after year, the disadvantages of moving probably outweigh the advantages. But a few movesare probably worth the effort. By st aying in each place for a length of time, people can extend their outlook but have enough time to make adjustment and form friendships.12. Sample essayThe automobile has probably changed peoples way of life more than any other invention of the last century. More than electric lights, television, air travel, or even computers, automobiles have changed where people live and work, how they make a living, and even how they find a mate.Before there were cars, people generally traveled on foot or by horse and buggy over unpaved roads. Whether they lived in the city or the country, they rarely went farther than a few miles from home. They saw the same people and places year after year.The car opened up whole new worlds. Roads were paved, and motorists went to see different parts of the country. Some decided to stay. People with cars could live farther from their jobs, and so the age of commuting began. New suburbs sprang up around the cities. The auto industry boomed, and millions of Amer icans made a living manufacturing, selling, servicing, or insuring cars.As more people got cars, your people began driving them. No longer was courtship confined to the girls front porch, under the watchful eye of her parents. The automobile began the sexual revolution.Some people believe that commuting, suburban life, and courting in cars are mixed blessings. Whether the changes are good or bad, they seem to be here to stay.13. Sample essayMany people complain that modern society is too materialistic. Other people, they say, place too great an importance on material property. Rather thanvalue values, these critics insist, people today value things.There is no query that we live in a material, consumer-oriented society. In economic terms, consumers use products in public language, they acquire things TVs, cars, clothes, furniture. This kind of materialism can actually be good for a society since it helps create jobs. When people have jobs, they acquire self-respect along with the money they need to provide the material things they and their families require.It is true, on the other hand, that many people have taken healthy consumerism too far. Materialism is limpid when an otherwise intelligent person goes into debt charging things that he or she cannot pay for. Materialism is evident when people insist on buying a particular designer label even though the same quality can be found in a cheaper product. Materialism is evident when people are judged and admired for what they own rather than what they are or can do.Even if society has gone too far in the direction of materialism, as some say, the individual person doesnt need to surrender. He or she can still value honesty, integrity, freedom, talent, quality, and all the other values there are to value and leave the materialism to others.14. Sample essayPeople spend a great deal of time, money, and zilch to see or read about movie stars, TV actors, singers, and athletes. Such celebrities often become idols. Posters, T-shirts, fan clubs, and attendance at live performances prove that. What do celebrities do to merit this attention?Celebrities create excitement. They create excitement because they have done something or can do something that supposedly not everyone else can do. height a child, waking early to go to work each morning, building a home and a place in the community-these achievements actually deserve more admiration than rolling through Beverly Hills in a limousine or jetting across the Atlantic to star in a new movie. Yet because these achievementsare part of many peoples everyday lives, they are not considered special. Celebrities help us dream by lifting us out of our everyday lives and imagining ourselves doing other than everyday activities.Celebrities also set styles. They become models for behavior, clothing, and hairdos. Just consider Elvis Presley or the Beatles, for example. Celebrities also influence politics, as Bob Hope and Robert Redford have done.Celebrities roles as special people and trendsetters, then, are the reason for the attention many of us lavish on them. In many ways, the celebrities of today have merely replaced the kings and queens of old.15. Sample essayMost people want to be successful in life, but success can come about in four ways fame, money, knowledge, and pleasure. Success is also usually characterized by the word more to be successful, people feel they have to be more famous, have more money, sorb more information, or enjoy life more.Success does not need to be characterized by quantity, however. Instead, you can measure the success of your life by its quality. It is not important, for example, how many people know you but who knows you and for what. Working in your community or on good relationships with family and friends can bring quality fame. Earning less money but spending it wisely and learning the joy saving is another way to succeed. Learning more so that you can turn around and enlighten someone else pr oduces quality knowledge. And finally, all the above will most likely bring you quality success in enjoying the pleasures of living.Success, in conclusion, can be seen in different ways by different people. Only one thing is sure. No matter what other people see, the only one who knows whether youre succeeded is you.16. Sample essayEvery year billions of dollars are spent on advertising. Many approaches are used to persuade consumers to buy a product. Some seem to work better than others.One approach, for example, is to try to make the reader or viewer identify with the people shown using the product. These people seem to be glamorous, loved, successful, elite, clever, or sexy. Supposedly, anyone who uses the product can expect the same reward. Another approach is to let the product speak for itself people are attracted to scrumptious food, beautiful clothing, and sleek new cars. Sometimes good prices and special deals are the focus. Ads for complicated products, such as computers, may provide a lot of information. Endorsements by celebrities are especially common.In general, many of the ads succeed. People do tend to buy what they see advertised. However, some advertising can backfire. People may be offended, for example, by ads that are overly sexy or ones that viciously or sarcastically attack competitors products.Advertising can be a useful aid for the consumer. It helps a person learn what is new or in style or handy to have around, what things cost, and where to buy them. To use this information effectively, however, a person must learn to look past the frantic appeals and find the facts.17. Sample essaySome animals are pets, some are wild, and many of them provide us with food. All have a different and important role in our lives.It is easy to forget that the steak at the supermarket once formed part of a steer. But without domestic animals such as chickens and cattle, we would all be vegetarians, or a great deal of our time would need to be spent hu nting.Wild animals attract sport hunters. For some people they are even animportant source of food. When urban people visit the wild, deer, bears, and other wild animals remind them of an older way of life.Pets, however, are the animals that are especially significant for most of us. They are undemanding companions they love us when we are not at our best. A pet can be a great comfort when life seems hard.For children, pets can be both fun and instructive. If a child cares for a pet, he or she learns to take responsibility for another being. Watching kittens or puppies being born can be a natural form of sex education. For children, as for adults, pets are loving companions and a help in tough time.As I recall, an Indian chief once said, Without our brothers, the animals, we would all be very lonely. I believe he was right.

From Production Line to Segmentation of Production Essay Example for Free

From Production Line to Segmentation of Production Essay1. introCompetition has qualifyingd Technical Innovations, globalisation of food markets, cultural shifts within societies and innate and efficient competitors put strain on the physical composition of reachion within a faithful. many a nonher(prenominal) markets display a enjoin of saturation that leads to a adjustment in step-up Not quantitative growth is what firms are aiming at, nevertheless qualitative growth (Wildemann 19981).The breakment of the deed is one substance to establish qualitative growth its means are deucefold (at least) First, it is possible to form over the proceeds in station to produce a infr sour turn upput with slight cost. Second, it is possible to synchronise production and market as to enable the production to react quickly to changes in the market, i.e. the consumer behaviour. unrivaled way to reach both aims is to reorganise the production, i.e. to segment the productio n With the establishment of product oriented production units a cheaper production is possible (Maier 1993 25). economic science owe the focus on the segmentation of production with all its avails to Wickham skinner (1969, 1974 and 1986). With his book The Foc utilize Factory he provided the ground for what is nowadays discussed under the peeledspaper head eviscerate segmentation of production. Skinner did not develop a saucy insight in efficient ways to produce he transferred to the Ameri rump and European auditorium what has been practised in Japan since the beginning of Industrialisation.This paper deals with change with the change in the way gondola railroad gondolas are manu sendured. A car manufacturers production unit until now split into different production lines has to be transformed into divide production. This is a big change a change, which has to be dealt with in other words, it, is a case for change counsel. The scope of this paper is in that locationfo re not limited to displaying the advantages of a segmented production (which nevertheless will be do in chapter 2), but extends but to the counselling of the respective change. Chapter 4 is devoted to the change management How should the impudently organisation of production be implemented? What problems whitethorn occur? What root words to the problems plenty be provided? These and more questions will be put and answered in chapter 4. In chapter 3 a brief overview of change management within the (alleged) broader framework of drift management will be given. Chapter 5 sums the results obtained in the previous chapters and evaluates the value of change management.2. Efficient production with segmented production unitsSegmentation of production is agree to Wildemann a holistic approach, aiming at a better market- and product orientation of the firm (Wildemann 1998 31). in that locationfore, it is necessary to link production units to a circumstantial product. By that, the re lation to Skinner is establish, who discovered the focused factory for the Western Economies a confederacys competitive strategy at a given epoch places particular demands on its manufacturing function, and, conversely () the troupes manufacturing vex and operations should be specifically designed to fulfil the task demanded by strategic programs (Skinner 1969 138-139). A focussed factory means fitly flexible reactions to market changes and the cost efficient realisation of strategic plans, e.g. the development and introduction of new products.The focused factory is not a big factory. It is kinda a shrimpy one where the different production units are linked to a specific segment of the market a specific product A factory that focuses on a narrow product mix for a particular market niche will outperform the conventional plant, which attempts a broader mission (). Its the factorys with the narrow product mix equipment, concording systems, and procedures can concentrate on a limited task for one set of customers. () Such a plant can become a competitive weapon because its entire apparatus is focused to accomplish the particular manufacturing task demanded by the companys overall strategy and marketing objective (Skinner 1974 114).Given the fact (provided it is a fact) that low-downer firms or factories are canvassd to bigger firms or factories and with respect to costs and production better off, it is not surprising that thither is a enormous trend to segmenting the production. Furthermore, transaction costs within a small or segmented firm are smaller compared to the bigger ones. A transaction is the rake of a property or good via an interface that can be technically shared out. One activity ends another places (Williamson 19901).While crossing the interface a sample of costs is produced costs that can be at least in parts avoided The aim of a segmentation of production is to disentangle production units and capacity. Large units should be di vided in small units. Teamwork should be establish small teams giving the individual employee more responsibility. This should result in more self-sufficiency of the individual employee, and boost his or her motivation, thereby increasing the prime(prenominal) of the work done by the employees.In Germany, it was Dietmar Tress who conceptualised for the first time smaller units as an organisational structure. Smaller Units, so his dissertation, reduce the time that is needed to produce a product. The lesser time it takes to produce a good or a product, the better the competitiveness of a firm, the better its ability to deliver goods and the smaller the amount of capital needed to produce the respective good or product. While evolving his thesis Tress realised the reasons that stood against an effective production. The reasons mentioned by Tress are division of labour, old patterns of reasoning and bureaucracy (Feser 1999 19). Having carved out the problems, Tress submit his solut ion He proposes that all necessary functions (for the production) and the aimed link amongst product and demand should be concentrated in a single hand and that the production fertilize should be kept within reasonable limits (Tress 1986 184). According to Tress it is decisive that the production run away is clear, projectable, and transparent. A single employee should be able to single out his or her contribution to the product (Tress 1986 185).Segmenting the production further provides capacity utilisation and to reach that goal teamwork is needed Small groups of employees should work in a self-responsible way within decentralized teams. Furthermore, those teams should take over different tasks. At this point the interrelation between the discussion on segmenting production and the discussion on gay resource management becomes obvious. According to Baron and Kreps (1999 3) Human Resources are the key to organizational success or failure.Human resource management including t he concepts of intrinsic and inessential motivation may be capturen as the countermovement to the alienation of the worker form the product of his work, as observed by Karl Marx in the 19th Century Workers who devote more broadly to a final product () are more apt to identify with a product and to reflect pride in its fibre (Baron Kreps 1999 317). Identification with a product raises the working morale, which means that the work satisfaction goes up. Worker or employees, who are content or satisfied with their work, work better. The determinants alter this comfort are established by segmenting the production.And that is, where the problem starts How can a segmented production be implemented? How can a factory divided in production lines become a focused factory divided in small working units or teams? The question at hand is a question of change management or throw off management. In the next part, the chore of change will be unfolded.3. sicks for managing changeChange is manything that happens all the time and e actuallywhere. But change within a firm or to put it more scientifically change within economics appears to be a terrorization prospect. Change cannot be left to itself it has to be planned, controlled and coordinated. Problems, rising in the pursuit of change, put one across to be predicted, dangers for the project father to be identified and eliminated. All this is done by change management or within the (alleged) broader scope of project management. To put it differently, change management is the trial to direct change into the right channels. travail management is the trial to direct everything new within a firm into the right channels. It appears that there is not much difference between project and change management, one can al nearly say, they are different words meaning the same.A project is considered to be something unique, something that will not be repeated (Schelle 1999 11). Project management means the totality of executiv e functions, the techniques, and means necessary to stretch out a project. Replacing project by change, change management can be addressed as the totality of executive functions, techniques, and means that are necessary to alter something old into something new.At first it is according to most authors of the fulfilment importance for a change or project management to establish a structure plan, in which the implementation of whatever should be changed, is scheduled according to a time table connected with goals that have to be reached at a certain point in time. The structure plan is according to Schelle (1999 93) a simple and useful tool. The structure plan is the meta plan. Apart from the structure plan there is the running order listing sub goals and so on.Once a project is initiated the control of the project is of crucial importance. A constant control is necessary to identify deviations from the plan or goal as soon as possible and to steer against unwanted consequences ( Nchter 2003 377). Project control in this sense means to identify problems, to solve the problems, to recalibrate the project afterwards some deviations from the plan occurred and to save the goal in spite of serious problems.Problems may emerge from different sources Externalities may cause problems Green activists may occupy the land that is designated to host the new factory, payable to a seldom species of warbler. The construction of the new building itself may cause problems A building contractor may file for bankruptcy. A hold in constructing the new factory may lead to an explosion of the costs and so on. Apart form those externalities there are sources that nurture problems within the firm Employees may fear for privileges, for their job or for loosing power. Resistance to the change may arise from different sources all linked to the fact, that men is unwilling to change what counts to be good and worked well until now. And to convince employees of the benefits that come on with the new way of producing one thing is needed change management.4. From production lines to segmented production An deterrent exampleCompany R wants to segment its production. Being a car manufacturer organized in different product lines the company wants to become a focussed factory by establishing two production units each producing a specific type of cars. While segment A is chosen to produce the miniskirt from start to end, segment B should produce the sport car. At the start of the change, company R is organised as followsin part 1 of the company the car body is existence build,in part 2 the car body is being varnished andin part 3 the different parts of the car are being assembled.In the future company R shall be structured as followsin line A the car body of the mini is being build, varnished and furthermore, the mini is being assembledin line B the car body of the sport car is being build, varnished and assembledAt the upshot three interfaces exist within compan y R Between the car body builder, the varnish, and the assembler. Between these three parts of the company a steady flow of material has to be ensured. Furthermore, all three parts of the company depend on different suppliers. In the past a bottleneck between car body builder and the varnish has become a determine resulting in a temporarily standstill. So the new structure of the firm should guarantee a full capacity utilisation, by reducing the logistic efforts necessary to provide each of the three parts of the company with its amount of supply to avoid a standstill of machines and employees.Moreover, the link between company R and its markets should become closer. At the moment the company produces a monthly number of cars irrespective of the demand. If the demand goes up, the employees have to work overtime to satisfy the demand. If the demand goes down, the employees do their daily stint and the cars that cannot be sold were stored causing storing-costs. And this is where the project change comes into being.4.1. Planning the changeThere are a lot of variables that administer a certain influence on the project deciding whether it is going to be a success or a failure. According to Eckrich (2003) two of those variables can be dubbed as structural and cultural conditions imposed by the environment within the firm or company. structural conditions relate to the hierarchy within the company, while cultural conditions describe the way the employees within a company treat each other.Eckrich distinguishes cultural conditions into behaviour, attitudes and values, a tuberosity that reminds at concepts indigenous to social psychology. While social psychologists quarrel with each other on the relation between attitudes and behaviour (some of them even asking if there is any relation between both, cf. Six 1975, Bierhoff 1993 280-288), Eckrich holds the opinion, that the behaviour of people is influenced if not determined by their attitudes, and by knowing the atti tudes one can infer the behaviour. Consequently, he recommends a questionnaire at the beginning of the change management project to discover the attitudes of the employees concerning the change of their working environment.Company R is a rather small company, employing 803 employees. It is best described as a company with flat hierarchies, stratified in management, departmental carriages and masters. While the aim of this paper is to show the problems associated with the project change (or at least those that may be associated with the project change), I assume that the employees of company R take a critical stance to the change of the production, some of them even form a sort of resistance.Especially among the masters resistance is widespread. They fear they might abstemious responsibilities and some of them think they might even loose their job. The core of this paper is therefore concerned with what is called by Uebel and Helmke (2003 415) escalations caused by individuals (pe rsonenbedingte Eskalationen). Escalations caused by individuals have to be distinguished from quantitative escalations and from qualitative escalations at least according to Uebel and Helmke (2003 416). Of particular interest for this paper are escalations caused by individuals. (One might wonder if there are escalations which can be though of as being not caused by humans.)4.2. Controlling the changeControl is a matter of plan. To evaluate the progress of the project, the project manager has to look at the structure plan. He has to compare whether what has been reached is identical with what should have been reached. According to Nchter (2003 395) this is crucial, since it is the only possibility to identify deviation from the plan. To serve the purpose of early warning system the structure plan must be enriched with data, with the amount of time worked on a particular (interim) goal of the plan, with the state of the art and so forth.With respect to company R these rather general advices come to life Important for the success of the segmentation in the company is an additional qualification of the employees. Furthermore, their work after the segmentation will be varied, i.e. they will have more different tasks to fulfil. This is in accordance with the results of the human resource management saying that employees that are not tied up in their daily routines, but kept busy with a bunch of different tasks show a racyer degree of motivation and in the end do a better job than employees tied up in their daily routine. Independently from the results of the human resource management the change in company R is more than some can bear. For some employees the additional qualifications they are expected to achieve are a heavy burden and for the masters it becomes clear that the new structure of the company can only be reached by taking away the responsibilities from the masters. And in the end, Angst (fear) arises, and Angst (fear) is the widespread cause for resist ance.4.3. The problems of changeAngst (fear) has been identified as the of import reason of those showing resistance to the project of change. Following Uebel and Helmke (2003 424), Angst (fear) can be subdivided into fear for power and fear for subject. While those with fear for power oppose the project due to their expectation that they will loose power, which means in the first place influence within the company, those with fear for subject oppose the project due to their expectation that they will loose responsibilities. The distinction is not a sharp, but rather arbitrary one. It is not obvious that the loss of responsibilities is not accompanied by a loss of power. However, those with fear for subject are anxious that they might loose reputation, end up with a smaller budget and so on.It has to be mentioned that Angst is a rather peculiar word for what is meant by Uebel and Helmke. They describe the common place that change has its pros and its cons. While change brings some advantages, some advantages of the old times will be lost. In other words, change may become a trade-off or worse, change might mean redundancy. Therefore, it is obvious from the very beginning that change management has to deal with problems. Problems are not something that arises as a matter of bad circumstances. Problems are the natural companion of change.In company R there are problems. The change of the production modus has been scheduled for spring and that was a mistake. In spring the demand for sport cars is high and a high demand and a different work environment is too much. The employees faced with frequent delays and the necessity to work overtime is dissatisfied. Resistance rises to protest. It starts with unofficial get togethers held be employees and ends up in strike. The production stands still and so does the project. Change, it seems, has stopped.Uebel and Helmke write a lot about Angst (fear) and the different shapes it may use, and the risks Angst holds for th e success of the project. But, as is the fact in company R, what can one do, if the problems are that massive that the project can be doomed to failure? Uebel and Helmke provide no answer. Instead they pronounce the value of plans for the crisis. One has to formulate worst-case scenarios within those plans (Uebel Helmke 2003 428). Worst-case scenarios may be back or forward oriented. Backward orientation means that the problems can be solved and the goal of the project can be reached. Forward orientation means the contrary. The project is a failure and the plan has to include the plan X the withdrawal with as less causalities as possible. This provides no solution for company R. Is the change from line production to segmented production a failure? Is there a possibility to carry on?Hansel and Lomnitz (2003 131-134) mention that there are no possibilities to reduce resistance with respect to specific goals of projects An employee who will lose his job will not act in favour of the p roposed change. To expect that, is out-of-touch. Furthermore, there are employees for whom it is dubious whether they will win or loose in the rush of the project. So resistance is natural and the only way to deal with resistance is communication and instruction. Transparency is the golden rule. The employees should know what change would bring, why change is necessary (Hansel Lomnitz 2003 134-135).Maybe information can lead to a good end for company R. Rumours are the cause for concern in company R. Rumours about the real aim of the project being a job killer. Other rumours concern plans to reduce salary suspecting the hidden intention behind the plan to segment production is to cut down salaries. Those rumours may be dealt with in an agency theoretical framework The relationship of agency is one of the oldest and commonest codified modes of social interaction. We will say that an agency relationship has arisen between two (or more) parties when one, designated as the mover, acts for the other, designated the principal, in a particular domain of decision problems (Ross 1973 134).Starting from here it has to be considered that both sides face some information shortcuts, with the employees having no distinct knowledge of the goals pursuit by the management and the management having no accurate assessment of the behaviour of the employees during the flux of the project and thereafter In the course of the action some problems may arise due to the fact that information is not fully spread. The problems are labelled within the Agency theory as averse selection, meaning that one cannot be sure, if what the principal or the promoter claims to provide is in fact what he can provide, moral hazard, which means that an agent or an principal can defect after the contract is established and hidden intention, speaking for itself (Krapp 2000).This excursion trip into the fields of agency theory results in the knowledge that Hansel and Lomnitz are right The solutions to the problems the agency theory analysis is usually a form of information include in a contract. (Leaving the monitoring of the agent by the principal and the bonding of both to given promises aside.) So information, i.e. the spread of information may be a possible escape from the deadlock for the project change of company R.First, as a signal of confidence the project manager has been dismissed. He has proven to be unable to manage conflict. Under his rule rumour mill flourished and the actual state of the (project) art is much behind the expected state. The new project managers first act was to hold a meeting with all employees and to tell every single employee what he has to expect. In the end he succeeds in cranking the project.4.4. The change or the end of the projectIn the course of the project experiences and knowledge should be collected for further or future change management, so as to learn from the errors made. The end of the project is marked by stocktaking. What has b een reached is confronted with what should have been reached.Company R is nowadays a car manufacturer with a segmented production and therefore able to adapt its production in short time to the demand of the market. The segmented production started some weeks later than it has been scheduled, which is owed to the problems reported above. But the policy adapted by the new project manager has proven to function.He has succeeded in creating a common spirit and calming down the moods. The fact that work will be much more varied after the change has cast upd the motivation of most employees, the success of the project has become the intrinsic motivation for those employees According to this survey, a large percentage of employees seem motivated at work by something other than the compensation received. () 72% responded that theyd continue to work even if they were already financially comfortable for the rest of their lives. one-half the survey respondents agreed with an item stating tha t what I do at work is more important to me than the money I earn (Baron Kreps 1999 101).There is a specific quality inherent to work, a quality that is different from the motive to make a living. Intrinsic motivation stands for the fact that some or many or most of the workers want to do a work that is interesting, sophisticated, and provides a certain amount of reputation. Some of the employees of company R realised that a segmented production goes along with new job opportunities, with more responsibilities, with a flexible work scheme and so forth. Those employees made the change to their own project, a project they wanted to support and did support.5. About change and its managementThe aim of this paper is twofold on the one hand the subject is change management. But change management is a general concept, which one can describe in general terms as did Uebel and Helmke (2003). The problem is, that general terms despite sounding good have nothing to say about the management of change. Therefore, an example have been chosen to elucidate what change management really is. Change of a car manufacturers production from production lines to a segmented production, has been chosen as an example.The segmentation of the production is expected to be a project of change management that can a good deal be found in reality. This is due to the advantages a segmented production provides its users with a more flexible reaction to the demands of the market and a less dear(p) production.Having established the example used to exemplify the change management it was necessary to describe what is known as project management. Thereby, it could be shown that the topics of project management and change management are not different as they both deal with new things that should replace old things. So it has been decided to treat them as equal. whence company R has been introduced. Company R is a medium sized company with flat hierarchies and massive problems occurring during the c ourse of the change from production line to segmented production. The problems or escalations as some dub them are related to individuals, individuals or employees who resist for different reasons the proposed change. To deal with resistance and to provide the ground for the new organisation of the production is the task of change management. And, it appeared, that the best way to manage change is by adapting an open communication policy. This is what Hansel and Lomnitz propose and what has been derived from a brief look at the agency theory Both sides trying to establish a deal have an information deficit on their side. Both do not know, if their copy is opportunistic in the sense of Williamson (1990), i.e., that he is trying to cheat.This is what the rumour mills in company R produced the segmented production is a fake used by the management to cut down salaries, sack employees and rationalize the company. In the end, the project manager had been sacked and the segmented producti on had been established. The key to the solution was information and intrinsic motivation. Information had been provided by the new project manager, telling the employees that no one will be sacked and that salaries go if anywhere than up. Furthermore, the hint that a new organisation of the production provides new opportunities for qualification and new responsibilities raised the intrinsic motivation of many employees. They made the change to their project and supported it.And at the end of the paper a rule for change management can be derived For a successful management of change it is necessary to involve the employees and to improve intrinsic motivation.6. LiteratureBaron, James N. Kreps, David M., 1999 Strategic Human Resources. Frameworks for General Managers. New York a.o. John Wiley.Beer, M., Eisenstat, R.A. and Spector, B., 1990 The Critical Path to Corporate Renewal. Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Business School pack togetherBierhoff, Hans-Werner, 1993 Sozialpsychologie ein Lehrbuch. Stuttgart Kohlhammer.Burghardt, Manfred, 2002 Projektmanagement. Leitfaden fr die Planung und Steuerung von Entwicklungsprojekten. Erlangen Publicis Corporate Publishing.Feser, Bjrn, 1999 Fertigungssegmentierung. Strategiekonforme Organisationsgestaltung in Produktion und Logistik. Wiesbaden Deutscher Universitts-Verlag.Hansel, Jrgen Lomnitz, Gero, 2003 Projektleiter-Praxis. Optimale Kommunikation und Kooperation in der Projektarbeit. Heidelberg, Berlin, New York Springer.Krapp, Michael, 2000 Kooperation und Konkurrenz in Prinzipal-Agent-Beziehungen. Wiesbaden Deutscher Universitts-Verlag.Lewin, K., 1947 Frontiers in Group Dynamics Concept, Method and Reality in Social Science Social Equilibria and Social Change. Human Realtions, 1 (1) 5-41Maier, Denis, 1993 Einfhrungsstrategien fr Fertigungssegmentierung. Eine empirische Unter suchung. Universitt Mnchen Dissertation.Marshak, R.J., 1993. Lewin Meets Confucius A Re-View of the OD Model of Change. Journal of apply Be havioral Science, 29 (4) 393-415Mintzberg, H., 1978 Patterns in Strategy Formation. Management Science, 24 (9) 934-948Nchter, Norbert P., 2003 Projektkontrolle. S. 375-392 in Bernecker, Michael Eckrich, Klaus (Hrsg.) Handbuch Projektmanagement. Mnchen, Wien R. Oldenbourg.Nchter, Norbert P., 2003 Projektsteuerung. S. 393-411 in Bernecker, Michael Eckrich, Klaus (Hrsg.) Handbuch Projektmanagement. Mnchen, Wien R. Oldenbourg.Rinza, Peter, 1998 Projektmanagement. Planung, berwachung und Steuerung von technischen und nichttechnischen Vorhaben. Heidelberg, Berlin, New York Springer.Ross, Stephen A., 1973 The Economic possible action of Agency The Principals Problem. American Economic Review 63 (2) 134-139.Schelle, Heinz, 1999 Projekte zum Erfolg fhren. Projektmanagement systematisch und kompakt. Mnchen dtv.Skinner, Wickham, 1986 The Productivity Paradox. Harvard Business Review 64, 55-59.Skinner, Wickham, 1974 The Focused Factory. Harvard Business Review 52, 113-121.Skinner, Wickham, 1 969 Manufacturing Missing linkup in Corporate Strategy. Harvard Business Review 47, 136-145.Six, Bernhard, 1975 Die Relation von Einstellung und Verhalten. Zeitschrift fr Sozialpsychologie 6, 270-296.Tress, Dietmar W., 1986 Kleine Einheiten in der Produktion Wer wachsen will, muss kleiner werden. Fhrung und Organisation 55, 181-186.Uebel, Matthias F. Helmke, Stefan, 2003 Eskalationsmanagement in Projekten. S. 413-429 in Bernecker, Michael Eckrich, Klaus (Hrsg.) Handbuch Projektmanagement. Mnchen, Wien R. Oldenbourg.Wildemann, Horst, 1998 Die modulare Fabrik. Kundennahe Produktion durch Fertigungssegmentierung. Mnchen TCW-Transfer-Centrum GmbH.Appendix 1Theoretical FrameworkPhase Models of Organizational ChangeAny change process can be judgment of as going through distinct phases or stages. The purpose of this section is to provide theoretical background information of phase models of change.Linear ModelsLinear models see the change process as linear, progressing from a present state, through a transition state to a future state. The implicit assumption is that the future state is more desirable than the present state.Lewin provided one of the early fundamental linear models of the change process. He observed that any living system is always in a state of change, but will tend toward a quasistationary equilibrium. (Lewin 1947 15-16). The level of behaviour of the system at any moment is the result of two sets of forces those var. to maintain the status quo and those pushing for change. When both sets of forces are equal, current levels of behaviour are maintained. In order to change the equilibrium, one can either increase those forces pushing for change or decrease those forces maintaining the current state.Lewin viewed the change process as consisting of three phases or stages (Lewin 1947 34-35)1. Unfreezing. This step involves the forces maintaining the systems behaviour at thecurrent level. Unfreezing is staring(a) by introducing information that sho ws discrepancies between behaviours desired by group members and those behavioursthey currently exhibit.2. Moving. This step shifts the system to a higher level of group performance. It involves developing new behaviours and attitudes through changes in structures and processes.3. (Re-)Freezing. This step stabilizes the system at a new state of quasi-stationaryequilibrium. It is accomplished through the use of supporting mechanisms that reinforce the new state, such as systems, structures and policies. The new equilibrium can thus be made relatively secure against change (Lewin 1947 35).Circular ModelsWhile the linear models follow the European science, East Asian and Confucian traditions offer a very different theory of change. The model of change underlying Confucian philosophies was summarized by Marshak (1993). As shown in Figure 1, there is continual rotary movement among the five elements that make up the universe. Movement is a natural process and occurs in a specific sequen ce.When it is out of balance or out of order, unfortunate consequences result. Thus in this model everything and everyone is interconnected and part of continuous cycles of change.Figure 1 Five agents cyclical change according to East Asian philosophy(source Marshak 1993399)Appendix 2Theoretical FrameworkOverview of the Three Forces for ChangeIn the literature of organizational change, there is a widespread disagreement whether change should be implemented top-down or bottom-up.Top-Down Direction SettingTop-down change is seen to have the advantage of a clear direction towards an end state, to provide the integrated perspective that only top management can provide and to promise rapid change. However, top-down change can often lead to resistance and lack of commitment from middle managers and employees who might feel that top management does not really understand the problem.With regard to the RM Division, it becomes clear that management follows a top-down approach. RMs general man agers take major decisions on new technology an workers are not included in the decision-making process. The result is a lack of commitment and machine operators use any means they could to beat the system.Bottom-Up Performance ImprovementThe other line of argument favours a bottom-up approach to change, as this seems to address many of the shortcomings of top-down change by actively involving employees in the change process. But excessively a pure bottom-up approach has its problems. It often lacks direction and a link to corporate strategy, it can lead to costly duplication of effort, it often leads to petty transfer of learnings and it can be slow to get results (Beer et al. 1990 68).The RM Division did not follow a bottom-up approach for implementing the change. It is worth mentioning at this point that the RM management missed, as a result of not actively involving the employees into the change process, to address the disadvantages of a top-down approach. In addition, the abo ve-mentioned advantages of a bottom-up approach were not realized during the change process.Horizontal Process RedesignRecognizing the limits of the pure top-down or bottom-up approaches to change, some authors have therefore argued that the solution is to combine the two approaches (Beer et al.1990). A combination of the two approaches holds the promise of obtaining their respective benefits while minimizing their disadvantages.However, it is argued, that fundamental change requires not only top-down direction and bottom-up performance improvement, but also a third force for change horizontal process redesign.Horizontal process redesign views organizations as made up of key processes that produce a result for the customer. It attempts to bring the benefits of process thinking to the whole organization and emphasizes the importance of redesigning a small number of core business processes that cross the conventional functional boundaries. Likewise, it can occur at three levels acros s organizations, across functions and within functions (see Figure 2).Horizontal process redesign sees reengineering as a key activity at all levels of the organization. However, in order to avoid sub-optimisations, one should start at the top management by mapping out the high-ranking processes first. In this way, once the subprocesses are considered, their use within the higher level processes are clear.This was not being realized at the RM Division Instead of delimitate and explaining the new processes to the workforce, only immediately prior to the introduction of the new technology management had explained to the workforce the basic principles behind automation, disregarding the need for understanding the new processes. Particularly a proper introduction of the new core processes across functions was neglected. These mainly included the fact that previously, operators were involved in setting and adjusting machinery and now were just operating their machines. At the same ti me, the process control department was to take greater responsibilities, and to be expanded.Would management have explained the new processes properly, operators would have been clearer about their role in regard to the process control department. Instead they found themselves in a favourable position, performing wider functions than management expected of them. In addition, they could use non-optimum methods to achieve the best possible piecework rates for subsequent production and only reluctantly gave up any rights to use the controls. This all can be seen as a result of a missing explanation of the redesigned core processes to the workforce.The second major problem was that of re-establishing piecework rates on the new machinery, because operators were enjoying average earnings and resisted this move. At this point it would have been helpful to establish a detailed timeframe in which the phases of the change process are listed, in connection with the procedure of handling the pi ecework rates during and after each phase. The basic agreement, which was being made, did not serve this purpose.